第二学期笔译课件由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“笔译课件”。
一．Proce of Translation Proce: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:
Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text →
pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:
Including understanding and expreion(first understanding → then expreion)Checking:
Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not … 二．Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation
The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles: 1)Necearily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立发展贸易关系。
----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop busine contacts.2)Necearily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。
----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底，我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。
----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。
----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2．Choice of Predicate
1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person
快点过来吧！
Come here quickly!
安静下来！
Quiet down!
2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time
Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception 本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。
----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该机（录放机）是市场紧俏商品，既是音响又是精美的高档家具。
----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23岁。
----He is twenty-three this year.鲁迅，浙江绍兴市。
----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。
----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.总经理今天不在公司。
----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expreion May Be a Predicate
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京这个地方，我认为比西安好。
----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject ＋
Predicate ＋
Precticative(2)Subject ＋ Predicate
(3)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object(4)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object ＋
Object Complement(5)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Indirect Object ＋
Direct Object
6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way
那项工作已经完成了。
----The task has already been finished.在记者招待会上，人们问了他许多问题。
----He was asked a lot of questions at the pre conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1
C-E Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a certain difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1
一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.Generally speaking, a dictionary would spread out many explanations of a word.A translator should quickly choose an exaxt, appropriate explanation from all explanations if being able to apply a dictionary flexibly.When looking up a word from a dictionary, a translator should judge by the main idea of a sentence and by narration around a sentence and then determine whether the explanation stand to reason or not.E.G.1.经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。
The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。
The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)
特色，特性，特征，事物的特点，自然景色，面部器官，相貌，专题报道，占突出地位；
3.今天我非常高兴地宣布，我们的准备工作已经完成，协议开始生效。
Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把„„公诸于世，宣布，宣告，通报„„的到达（出席），预示，预兆，当„„播音员，当报幕员，二、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context
The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(busine, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.” “加强”的译法： E.G.1．加强了政治互信，扩大了共同利益，为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。
All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.enhance v.增强，增大，使更好，加强，提供（质量）
2．我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。
We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.conduct v.管理（方式），处理（方式），经营（方式），实施（方式）3．我们应该加强基础设施建设。
We should set up infrastructure building.set up
设立，竖立，架起，升起，装配，开业，加强
4．我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设，提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。
We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.improve
v.加强 改善，改进，提高，（耕种，盖房，修路等）提高（地产价）5．我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。
We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.intensify v.加强，增强，强化，加强对„„防护力量
6．中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力，同时，也需要加强对外合作，特别是同邻居的合作。
China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.better adj.更好的，更令人满意的，更有效的，更有益的 7．我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。
We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.cement v.巩固，加强，团结，粘合，胶合“建设”的译法 E.G.1.国家建设
national reconstruction 2．国防建设
the building of national defense build:创立，创建，创业，建设发展，营造 3．城乡建设
urban and rural development 4社会主义现代化建设
socialist modernization drive Drive:冲击，运动
5加强文化建设
strengthen cultural development efforts 6加强廉政建设
strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7加强制度建设
improve the regulatory system 8 加强军队思想政治建设
strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9．加强青少年思想道德建设
cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10．加强国防和军队建设
strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up the armed services(forces)build up:逐步建设，逐步建立，增强 11．基础设施建设成就显著
the infrastructure improved remarkably improve:改进，改善，12．交通建设空前发展
transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13．民主政治建设不断加强
Democracy has been improved steadily.Improve:改善，改进
14．国家创新体系建设积极推进
Significant progre was made in establishing China’s innovation system.establish:建立，建造，创立，确立
“意见”的译法
1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and iues of common concern.2．他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3．党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。
Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.Opinions:见解，观点，舆论，评价
4.大家对这一做法很有意见。
Everyone complaint against such a practice.5．他们在会上闹起了意见。
They had a dispute at the meeting.6．你应该听从医生的意见。
You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。
They reached a consensus on the iue.t
三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is: what is a good collocation in English may not be so when the collocation is translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法
1．生活水平
living standard 2．文化水平
cultural level 3．领导水平
one’s art of leadership 4．水平贸易
horizontal trade 5．水平仪
spirit level
“正式”的译法
1．正式列入记录
be officially placed on record 2.正式成员
a regular(full)member 3.正式开幕
formality opened 4．正式党员
full member of the Party 5．正式访问
official(or formal)visit 6.正式会谈
formal talks 7.正式声明
official statement
四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1．坚持以人为本
always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.绿色通道
landscaped roadways(landscaped:美化好的环境，景观)3.偷税漏税
tax evasion 4．优先安置
hiring preference(hiring:借，租用，preference:偏爱，优先选择)5.人才市场
human resources pool 6.招商
trade and investment promotion
7.奖励工资制度
a bonus wages system 8．标准汇率
DefinitiveConversionRate
（Standard Rate）
9.开始谈正题
get down to busine 10．马马虎虎
after a fashion 11．擅自使用
make free with 12．崭露头角
come to the front 13．充分发挥自己的才能
to fulfill oneself(fulfill:使满意，使完整，使完备，完成)14．博得全场喝彩
bring down the gallery 15．近水楼台
a favourable position 16．举足轻重
hold the balance
Section 2
Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根据你的建议，我们应该办大厂了。
We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他们在教室打扫卫生。
They are giving the claroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那样做，就大错特错了。
If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gro error / all wet.)
Section 3
Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expreions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is diversity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “积极”的译法 E.G.1.积极利用国外资源
make effective use of overseas resources 2．积极推进大型煤矿建设
vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革
push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4．积极推进改革，扩大对外开放
pre ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5．积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式
energetically explore effective ways to manage state aets 6．积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 7．积极支持他的事业
unfailing support of his cause “化”的译法 E.G.1．广泛使用农业信息化
to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促进政府管理信息化
to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推动社会信息化
to promote IT for social development 4．科研成果市场化,产业化
gear scientific and technological achievement to the market and apply them in production(gear:使适应，调适，使处在良好的运转状态)5．中国经济逐步市场化
continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy
二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神贯注”的译法 E.G.1．他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。
He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。
John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。
Our group members have been engroed in discuing this mathematical question.4.我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。
We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5．她在全神贯注地思考问题。
She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6．他全神贯注地听着。
He was all ears.7．下棋需要全神贯注。
Che requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法 E.G.1.玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。
Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2．他听了这消息无动于衷。
He heard the news quite unmoved.3．他表面上显得无动于衷。
In appearance, he looks untouched.4．杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。
Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5．他对我的忠告无动于衷。
He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法 E.G.1.谁告诉你们了？你们这样大惊小怪的。
Who told you to make such a fu over nothing? 2.还是随便一点吧，不必大惊小怪的。
Anything will do, don’t fu.3．奶奶病着呢，别大惊小怪的。
Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4．大家听了说：“我当是谁呢，这样大惊小怪的，没必要吧。”
When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was someone who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fu about.”
Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1
Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expreions or idioms in the versions as words, expreions or idioms in the meaning in the original language in translation to expre the equivalent meaning ,which is called equality translation.1.“false friend”
That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is mutually different.Translators should be good at dsguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4,P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expreion
Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expreions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expreions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子（n.）desk / table
房间
(n.)room
展览（v.）exhibit
开放（v.）open
改革（n.）reform
发展（v.）develop
创新（v.）renovate
不断地（adv.）succeively
所以（conj.）so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山开路，遇水搭桥
cut paths through mountains and build bridges acro rivers 有福同享，有难同当
share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)浑水摸鱼
fish in troubled water 破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat 视而不见
turn a blind eye to 称心如意
be after one’s own heart 谈虎色变
turn pale at the mention of
the tiger 天翻地覆
heaven and earth turning
upside down 甜言蜜语
sweet words and honeyed
phrases 听天由命
submit to the will of heaven 外强中干
outwardly strong but inwardly
weak 外柔内刚
soft outside but hard inside 万事大吉
everything is just fine 万般无奈
have no alternative 适者生存
survival of the fittest 骑虎难下
He who rides a tiger is a fraid to
dismount 水能载舟也能覆舟 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光阴似箭
Time flies.时者金也
Time is money.树大招风
Tall trees catch much wind.克己恕人
Forgive others but not yourself.任重道远
a weighty miion;to have a
bumpy and rocky road ahead
欲速则不达
More hast, le speed.小巫见大巫
The moon is not seen when
the sun shines.以权谋私
to abuse one’s power for
personal gains
真金不怕火Pure gold does not fear
furnace.自信是成功的第一秘诀
Self-trust is the first secret of succe.勤劳是快乐之父
Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的时间
Busiest men find the most time.Section 2
Addition Translation Addition means supplying neceary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable.1.Grammatical Need
There is an obvious different in morphology, syntax and grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in
Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., in English, while in Chinese a sentence element runs through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles
(1)我省第二季度的进出口贸易总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外语学院任教英语。
He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。
Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素质，科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高，形成比较完
整的现代国民教育体系，科学和文化创新体系，全民健身和医疗卫生体系。
The ideological and ethical standards,the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitne and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions
(1)我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。
We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)岁月不待人。
Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正当聚精会神看书的时候，一不速之客来访。
While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以来，国际互联网迅速普及
和广泛应用绝不是偶然的，它是“信息爆炸”时代的必然产物。
That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.(3)一个星期没有洗澡，一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任务再相见。
Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should push to integrate the production, proceing and marketing of
agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住脸，好像是为了不想见她。
He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都倾注到为所在的社区服务中去了。
He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使没有花，花瓶本身就很美。
The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object
(1)交出试卷之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩盖他的错误，就越会暴露。
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.5)Addition of Verbs
(1)他们意气风发。
They are in high spirits.(2)他们喜形于色。
They became with joy.(3)我对他敬而远之。
I stood aloof from him.(4)这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives
(1)发展体育运动，增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我们的工作一不为名，二不为利。
We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在这里待到我工作结束时为止。
I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original
(1)要在不到10年中实现小康目标，任务是很艰难的，因为中国人口多，底子薄，各地发展不平衡„„
Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…
(2)公园里有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。
In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.(3)哼！你别看我耳朵聋，----可我的心并不聋啊！
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.2)Addition of Generalization Words
(1)不管刮风下雨还是酷热严寒，都不能阻止这个工程的进展。
Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these can’t stop the project making good progre.(2)别忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。
Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words
(1)他们俩组建了一个“丁克”家庭。
They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我们努力实现中国四个现代化。
We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3
Omiion Omiion means deleting unneceary and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omiion of Words Conveying a
Category.Some Chinese words;“task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings translated naturally, but some categories of words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。
Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2）他担任了鲁迅作品的翻译任务。
He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3）出口物质不得超过限定范围。
The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4）中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5）会议中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the talk, their discuion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6）今年上半年进出口计划的执行情况，也是很好的。
Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omiion of the Repeated Words E.G.1）出现问题也容易纠正和改正。
When problems emerge, they can be easily put right.2）中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the
fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omiion of the Flashy Modifiers without substance E.G.1）我们需要从其他国家进口先进工艺设备。
We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2）我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。
We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3）鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。
Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.22
1）„„我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳定的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
…… that we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous succe.2）新世纪赋予我们美好的期待和希望，新世纪激励我们付出更多才智去建设人类更美好的家园。
The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4
Combination In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms being used together convey the same meaning, translators can combine them together to be translated
----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanings----synonym’s repetition, which is very universal in Chinese, Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expreions”.E.G.花言巧语
fine words
精疲力竭
exhausted
吞吞吐吐
stumbling
破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat
生动活泼
lively
光辉灿烂
brilliant
丰功伟绩
great achievements
心灰意冷
to feel disheartened
干净整洁
clean and tidy
互敬互爱
to respect each other and
love each other
断章取义
to quote out of context
植树造林
afforestation
风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
Section 5
Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentences are converted into other words according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs
Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of Chinese verbs.E.G.1）学习语言很艰苦，成为一名有名的语
言学家需要很长的时间。
The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.2）我一直得到你的帮助，心里着实感激不尽。
I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3）这首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提时代。
The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1）他的目标是要成为一个成功的小说家。
He aims to be a succeful novelist.2）我们培养的学生都应该是德、智、体全面发展。
All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.26
3）如果旅馆都满客了，我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1）我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2）那消息很快传遍全世界。
The news quickly spread throughout the world.3）我们政府对留学国外的学生很关心。
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4）他们热烈欢迎这位著名的科学家。
They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5）独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute neceity in study.27
6）她急切地希望看到她的老师。
She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6
Translation by Changing
ExpreionWay There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies these two languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and it is a means of connecting context.1.Substitution of Nouns
E.G.1）最令人讨厌的习惯或许就是随地吐痰。
Probably the most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2）甲：请问，我能要一杯清咖啡加糖吗？
乙：也给我一杯清咖啡加糖。
A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3）这是我厂的关键车间，设备比较齐全的。这些机械设备的上方，我们还装配了冷却通风设备，供暖设备以及通讯设备。
This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.29
1）我同你一样不知道。
I do not know any more than you do.2）我希望周五做完作业，不过如果你忙的话，星期六完成也行。
I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3）彼得加入我们的小组，我不知道戴维是不是会加入我们组。
Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4）我答应了给他买票，我一定要买到票。
I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7
Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal, words can be categorized into “commendatary sense, derogatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some
feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1）他热衷于个人名利。
He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2）他热衷于足球。
He is fond of playing football.3）我们应该把无业人员培训成生产者。
We should train the unemployees into producers.4）我们应该加强合作。
We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5）中国的经济是一个大问题。
China’s economy is a great question.Claroom Exercises: 1.在2011年，浙江人均收入约18000元，上海人均收入约19800元。
2.中国有许多风俗习惯，在西方人看来，这些习惯是颇为费解的。
3.你既然答应来参加晚会，就应该来参加晚会。
Chapter 3
Translation of Noun’s Abstract and Concrete Translation of ideas abstract and Concrete Nouns Abstract translation means translating the concrete or the conparative concrete nouns into the abstract or the comparative abstract nouns.Generally, nouns in Chinese tend to use concrete ideas, namely, Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs a “down-to-earth”style”, expreing abstract ideas often by intaphores similes, allegories or other devices for making a thing plain, while in English, this method of abstracct diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns.E.G.----雨无情地下个不停，我感到厌倦。
I was fed up with the relentle determination of the rain.----管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
The singns of the time point to the neceity of the modification of the system of administration.Section 1
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas 1.Examples for Translation of Noun’s Abstract
1）两袖清风
clean hands
2）半斤八两
six of one and half a dozzen of the other
3）沧海一粟
a drop in the ocean
4）空中楼阁
castle in the air
5）远见卓识
far-sightedne
6）君子协定
a gentleman’s agreement
7）暴雨如注
rain cats and dogs
8）一贫如洗
as poor as a church mouse
9）试金石
touchstone 2.Examples for Translation of Idiom’s Abstract
1）沸沸扬扬
bubbling and gurgling
2）当机立断
decide quickly
3）措手不及
be caught unprepared / be caught unawares
4）初露锋芒
display one’s talent for the first time
5）倾家荡产
lose a family fortune / be reduced to poverty and ruin
6）穷山恶水
barren mountains and unruly rivers / barren hills and untamed rivers
7）声势浩大
great in strength and impotus / powerful and dynamic
8）手舞足蹈
dance for joy The abore-mentioned idioms have concrete image 3.Examples for Translation of the Abstract Nouns or Idioms in the Sentence E.G.1）他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又是惊人的好，我们都拿他没办法。2）他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。3）目前公司的经营情况已经有所好转。
4）我国社会主义工业化建设及其成就，正在日益促进他们这种积极性。5）我们要敢于同各种无纪律，无效率的现象作斗争。6）会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。
1)With his tardine, carelene and appalling good humer, we were sorely perplexed.2)Their optimism moved us greatly.3)At present, the busine in our company is turning for the better.4)Their enthusiasm is being constantly heightened by China’s socialist industrialization and its achievement.5)We should dare to combat indiscipline and inefficiency.6)During the talks, their discuion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.Section 2
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas Examples for Translation of Noun’s Concrete Ideas
1）轻松的事情
a piece of cake
2）粗茶淡饭
bread and cheese
3）他出身在富贵之家
He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.4）收音机的声音
the squeaking of the radio
5）公共汽车声
the thumping of the bus
6）鸟鸣和这溪水的流水声，在春风里轻轻地回荡。
The bird-song and the babbling of the streams danced lightly in the spring breeze.Claroom Exercises: 1.目前，我国的经济情况已经有所好转。
2.会议中，两个公司集中讨论了共同利益方面的问题。3.杰克是一个很难处理的人。
Chapter 4
Translation of Verbs Section 1
Stative Translation of Dynamic Verbs Verbs have their dynamic and static characteristics, the former conveys a motion an action, and a change, while the static verbs convey a state, sense perception or a recognition.In translation, some dynamic verbs maybe translated into static verbs, when translating verbs in Chinese, translators put them into English by using nouns, adjectives, prepositions and adverbs, etc.E.G.我叫学生们立即回到教室。
----I want students back to the claroom at once.我们坚决反对美国制裁伊朗。
----We are determined to be against American government punishing Iron.33
1.Chinese Verbs Converted into English Nouns
1）希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。
2）他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。
3）这份报告虽然很长，但不切要领，我看不懂。
4）我们知道，掌握一门外语是不容易的。
1)I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into comideration.2)They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.3)Although the report is very long, it is beside the point and beyond my comprehension.4)We know that the mastery of a foreign language is not easy.2.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into English Prepositions or Preposition-phrases
English prepositions with the richmeanings have the flexible collocation with the different meanings.1）他带着好几个项目来中国投资。
2）他顶着斜雨风行走。
3）这本杂志在出版和编辑的全过程都力求完美。
1)He comes to China to invest with a few of projects.2)He walked against a slanting rain.3)The whole magazine is produced and edited in the pursuit of excellence.3.Chinese Verbs Translated into English-adverbs It means that a dynamic is changed into static verb, which the motion sentences in the original change into static sentences.1）这学期的所有课程都已经结束了。
2）这个协议作废了。
1)All courses of this term has been over.2)This agreement is off.4.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into
1）我们非常满意目前的生活。
2）他总是嫉妒别人的成就。
3）很多人都熟悉绍兴这个城市。
4）他正埋头写那本书。
1)We are very content with our life at present.2)He is always envious of the achievements other made.3)Shaoxing city is familiar to many people.4)He was engaged on that book
.34
