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Grammar:
一、被动语态的构成形式
1.被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
1)am/is/are +done(过去分词)一般现在时
例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2)has /have been done 现在完成时
例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.3)was/were done 一般过去时
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.4)be going to/will be done 一般将来时
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.2.被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4)在使役动词have, make, get以及动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.二、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3.系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
例Your reason sounds reasonable
4.在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。
一. 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。
二.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)
试比较:I’ll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
三. 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impoible,pleasant,interesting等。
例This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out省略了for me).Integrated skills~ Check out 重点词组:
1.charity.many charities许多慈善团体
a charity show慈善表演,raise money for charity 为施舍而集资
2.advertise, v.advertise on TV/advertise in a newspaper在电视上做广告,在报纸上做广告 advertise sth.做广告宣传某事
advertise for sb/sth.做广告征求某人或某物 3.give out.give out leaflets/give them out散发传单
4.organizer, n.organize, v.organize a charity show.组织一个义演 5.introduce, v.introduce oneself to向---作自我介绍
6.bit 一点儿,a bit of water/news/help一点水/消息/帮助 a bit tired/hungry一点儿疲劳/饿 a little tired/hungry 7.succe, n.succeed, v.succeful, adj.Succefully, adv.Succe: 1.作不可数名词:成功;胜利;成就 make great succe We have had great succe.我们获得了很大成功.2.做可数名词:成功的人(或事物)I called this a succe.我认为这是一件成功的事。
8.fan, n.basketball/football fans蓝球/足球迷 9.seem好象、是系动词
通常①seem + adj
②seem +to do sth
③It seem + that从句 He seems very tired.He seems to be tired.It seems that he is very tired.10.busine, do busine做生意
be busy with the busine 忙于生意
on busine 出差
11.Because of后接名词或代词。
Because of him 因为他。Because of the weather.因为天气原因。12.instead;
instead of.instead 通常位于句末,instead of 后接名词或动名词。
13.rise, vi.升起。通常指一些自然现象和价格等的上涨。
The sun rises in the east.太阳在东方升起来。
The river rose a lot because of the flood.由于洪水,河水涨了许多。14.Break, n.休息,暂停,通常指活动中途的休息。
Let’s have a break.让我们休息一下。
The bell for break.休息的铃声。
It’s time for break.休息的时间到了。
15.practise doing练习干某事 practise speaking English.16.at the right time在适当的时候
at the same time在同一时候
17.Keep asking 不停的问 keep doing sth
不停地干某事 18.donate money to---= raise money for…..捐钱给---
donate money to Project Hope.捐钱给希望工程