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宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
1．语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：
1）连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：
Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The small children don't know what is in their stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？
2）连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our cla．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3）连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much，when，why，how，where，if ／whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？
4）连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：
Do you know which cla he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
2．连接词
1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：
He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接
与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：
Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去还是留。
②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我担心是否伤了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
I don't know whether to go．我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus．问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？
3．时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：
①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。
4．注意：
if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？
—Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。
—He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨，他会来的。
简化宾语从句常用六法
同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：
方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope，decide，wish，choose，agree，promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him.→We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know，learn，remember，forget，tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.→He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.→The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy.→They found the box very hea 宾语从句专项练习
一、将下面的句子连接成为含有宾语从句的复合句。1．These flowers are from Guangdong.He said.He said _______ these flowers _______ from Guangdong.2.Light travels faster than sound.My teacher told me.My teacher told me _____ light _______ faster than sound.3．There will be a meeting in five days.Jack didn’t know.Jack didn’t know _____ there _____ ____ a meeting in five days.4．Can they speak French? I want to know.I want to know ______ _______ _______ _______ French.5．Are the children playing games? Tell me.Tell me ______ the children ______ ______ games.6．Have you finished your homework yet? Mr.Zhao asked Ma Gang.Mr.Zhao asked Ma Gang ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ homework yet.7．How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows? Who knows ______ _____ _____ ____ _____ ______ in the picture?
8．Where did she park her car? Do you know? Do you know _____ _____ ____ her car? 9．What does he often talk about? The girl wondered.The girl wondered _____ _____ often ________ about.10．Who knocked at the door so loudly? I don’t know.I don’ t know ____ _______ at the door so loudly.11.Does he still live in that street? I don't know.I don't know ______ he still _______ in that street.12.What's his name? I asked him.I asked him what _____ _____ _____.13.When does the train arrive? Please tell me.Please tell me ________ _________ ________ _________.14.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys.He asked the boys _______ they ______ fried chicken.15.Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know.I don't know _______ the watch _______ made in Shanghai.二、选择填空。
（）1.What did Mike say? He said ____________________.A.if you are free the next week
B.what colour was it C.the weather is fine
D.summer comes after spring（）2.Tom asked my friend ________________.A.where was he from
B.that the earth is bigger than the moon C.when did he come back
D.not to be so angry（）3.Let me tell you __________________.A.how much is the car
B.how much does the car cost C.how much did I pay for the car
D.how much I spent on the car（）4.Peter knew _______________.A.whether he has finished reading the book
B.why the boy had so many questions C.there were 12 months in a year
D.when they will leave for Paris（）5.Could you tell me ___________?
A.where do you live
B.who you are waiting for
C.who were you waiting for
D.where you live in（）6.I can't understand ______the boy alone.A.why she left
B.why did she leave
C.why she had left
D.why had she left（）7.She told me the sun ______ in the east.A.rise B.rose C.rises D.had risen（）8.I don't know ________ up so early last Sunday.A.why did he get B.why he gets C.why does he get D.why he got（）9.The manager came up to see __________.A.what was the matter B.what the matter was C.what the matter is D.what's the matter（）10.He asked his father _______.A.where it happens B.where did it happen
C.how it happened D.how did it happen（）11.No one tells us______, so we need your help.A.how we should do B.what should we do
C.how to do it D.what to do it
（）12.Could you please teach me _______ the computer.A.how check B.to check C.how to check D.to how checking
（）13.They don't know _______their parents are.A that
B what
C why
D which
（）14.─Where do you think ______ he _____ the TV set? ─ Sorry, I've no idea.A./, bought B.has, bought C.did, buy D.did bought
（）15.Our homework has changed a lot.Who can tell _____ it would be like in _____ five years.A.how, another B.what, more C.how ,other D.what, another
（）16.─ Could you tell me ______? ─ Yes.He ____ to the USA.A.where is he/ has been B.where he is/ has gone
C.where was he/ has been D.where he was/ has gone（）17.─Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow.─Yes.But if it _______, we'll visit the museum instead.A.you have/ will rain B.you will have/ will rain
C.you will have/ rains D.will you have/ rains
（）18.I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.A.finds/ arrives
B.finds/ will arrive C.will find/ will arrive D.will find/ arrives
（）19.Mi Liu said ______ she would leave the meage on the headmaster”s desk.A.that
B.where
C.which
D.what（）20.He asked me _______.A.who will kick the first goal in the World Cup B.when was the APEC meeting held
C.when China became a member of the WTO D.where the 2008 Olympics will be held
（）21.In the bookshop , a reader asked the shopkeeper ______ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.A.that
B.how
C.what
D.if（）22.You must remember _______.A.what your teacher said
B.what did your teacher say C.your teacher said what
D.what has your teacher said（）23.I don”t know ______.A.which room I can live
B.which room can I live C.which room I can live in
D.which room can I live in（）24.－－Do you know when he ______ back ?
－－Sorry , I don”t.When he _______back , I”ll tell you.A.comes;comes
B.comes;will come C.will come;comes
D.will come;will come（）25 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.A.took
B.take
C.takes D.will take（）26 Mary said that she ___ to Guangzhou.A.has never gone
B.had never gone C.has never been
D.had never been（）27 The students want to know whether they___ a PE cla today.A.had
B.has
C.will have D.are
（）28.Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? A.who B.what C.when D.that（）29.I don't know ___ they have paed the exam.A.what B.if C.when D.where（）30.Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A.what
B when
C why
D how
三、用合适的连接词填空。
1.Jim told me ____ he didn't go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why）
2.Do you know ______ else is going to be on duty today？（who, whom）
3.She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if）
4.He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）5.I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）
6.They don't know _______ to go or wait.(if, whether)7.We are talking about ______ we’ll go back tomorrow.(whether, if)
8.I was really surprised at ______ I saw.(where, what)9.I don't know ____ so many people are looking at him.(how, why)10.Do you know ______ you are studying for?(why, what)
四、句型转换。
1.“Do you want to try it?” Tom's mother asked him.(同义句)→
Tom's mother asked him _______ _______ ______ to try it.2.I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句）→
I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.3.Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句）→
Lucy hasn't decided ________ _________ ________ _______ buy.4.I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句）→
I don't know ________ ________ ________ to the hospital.5.I don’t suppose they will come, _______ ______ ?(改为反意疑问句)
五、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.We are sure that he ________(go)to school tomorrow.2.Do you know who ______(be)the first man to walk on the moon?
3.Could you tell me where the post office ______(is)?
4.Our father said that he _______(will)buy a new computer.5.I hear that he _______(swim)in the sea yesterday.6.The little boy tells us where his father _______(work).7.He said that he _________(finish)his work already.8.They thought they could _______(hike)to the top of the mountain.9.He was glad that so many people _____(help)him.10.She doesn’t know whether ________(go)or wait.参考答案：
一、1.that, were 2.that, travels 3.that, would be 4.if/whether they can speak 5.if/whether, are playing 6.if/whether he had finished his 7.how many people you can see 8.where she parked 9.what he, talked 10.who knocked 11.if/whether, lives 12.his name was 14.if/whether, wanted 15.if/whether, was
二、1—5: DDDBB 6—10:ACDBC 11—15:CCBAD 16—20:BCDAC 21—25:DACCA 26—30:DCCBA
三、1.why 2.who 3.that 4.how 5.how soon 6.whether 7.whether 8.what 9.why 10.what
四、1.if/whether he wanted 2.don’t think, is 3.which trousers she can 4.how to get 5.will they
五、1.will go 2.was 3.is 4.would 5.swam 6.works
7.had finished 8.hike 9.helped 10.to go
