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一、Translation concerning negation
Aims: to understand the features of Chinese and English as regards negation, the application of negation in the proce of translation Key points: the application of negation in the proce of translation
Difficulties: affirmative in Chinese but negative in English, negative in Chinese but affirmative in English Teaching procedures: Negation being an important conception in one’s expreion of thoughts, expreions of negations is to be found in any tongue.This is naturally true of Chinese and English.However, the ways of indicating negation are quite different in the two languages.This frequently causes a lot of trouble to translators, who if not careful enough, would often make mistakes.1.Features of the two languages as regards negation 1.Both languages have negatives or expreions formed with negatives.In modern Chinese, the much-used negative words are: 不,没,别.These words expre three different meanings: 不signifies denial of a statement;没denial of a being or occurrence(,非and 否can be put under this category);别diuasion or prohibition(甭,勿,and 莫 can be put under this category)The often-used negatives in English are “not”, and “no”, in addition to “nothing”, ”nobody” “none”, “without”, “ neither…nor”, “never”, etc.Chinese negatives are generally capable of producing derivatives, particularly the word 不, 无and 非.Their derivatives are equivalent to English words formed by adding affixes, e.g.不法unlawful, 不便inconvenient, 无边boundle,非正规irregulars In English, apart from using negatives to expre negation, words with a negative sense can be formed by adding affixes to root words.The affixes thus used are mainly “le” suffix “un” “in”, and “non”
However, English words formed with affixes with a negative, while adjective and nouns formed with “un” such as “unavoidable” and “unbelief” are negative, for instance, verbs formed with affixes such as “unclasp” and “uncork” affirmative.⊙In Chinese, words formed with negatives are generally negative in sense but in some cases they aume new meaning like 非常, which practically means 很.In English, the same word formed with a different affix differs in meaning(compare discord with uncord).Sometimes, words formed with different affixes with a negative sense would produce words with different implications---derogatory and the other non-derogatory.For instance, immoral means 不道德,and is therefore derogatory while unmoral means 非道德,无道德观念的,and is therefore non derogatory.2.英语为肯定式,汉语译作否定式(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese)You are quite a stranger here.Wet paint Keep off the lawn I failed to understand your meaning.A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.一个人做了不该做的事,日后往往会懊悔.Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.另一个人跑步则是为了避而不做别的事,不对如何生活作出决定,不去感受自己生活碌碌无为.3.英语为否定式,汉语译为肯定式(affirmative in Chinese but negative in English)Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you? Pierre: hey, what the …!You old fool.Lena: don’t talk to me that way!I am not your wife.Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than his personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of “social usefulne.”
即便如此,我仍然坚持认为,对个人而言,最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感，以及坚决按这种是非感行事的决心，而不是随波逐流，或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。
I have read your article.I expect to meet an older man.4.Double negative There is no rule that has no exception.（条条规则都有例外）There is not any advantage without disadvantage.（有利有弊）It never rains but it pours.(不鸣则已，一鸣惊人)The sea food goes against my stomach.His speech leaves no room to improvement.The music is like nothing on the earth.In Chinese, there to be found not a few instances where double negation is used for euphemism purposes, e.g.不无理由，（there might be some reason), 未尝不可（it is not impoible).Expreions of another kind of negation, called “pleonastic negation”(多余否定），exist both in English and Chinese.In English we often come acro sentences like the following: 1.I asked if I could not do anything for him.2.Try and think whether you have no friends to help you.The negative “not” in the first example and “no” in the second seem to be superfluous.But their use here is idiomatic.In translation it will not do for the first example to render word for word and say ,我问他我是否不能帮他做点什么。Similarly, it is not right to translate the second example as 想一想你是不是没有什么朋友帮助你。The proper rendering would be 想一想你是不是有什么朋友帮助你。1.人来人往，好不热闹。
What a busy place with so many people coming and going.2.她脚一滑，差点没摔倒。She slipped and nearly fell.Idiomatic usage Far from Your work is far from satisfactory.Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely.Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中国根本没有鼓吹核战争,是唯一承诺不首先使用核武器的大国.Free from The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers.Free from anxiety
Free from arrogance and rashne 人人有不挨饿的权力.Every person has the right to be free from hunger.Too…to 不要总译为太…以致 He is too exited to speak.In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.This book contained too much goip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.这本书里无聊的话太多,歪曲和弄虚作假之处太多,不值一评.He is too ready to speak.I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.Not too…to and cannot …too
A teacher should not too proud to learn from his students.He was too experienced not to know it.We cannot praise him too much.A book may be compared to your neighbor, if it be good, it cannot last too long, if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.Not …because
The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.Don’t scamp your work because you are preed for time.In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.He didn’t half like the girl.I couldn’t feel better.I couldn’t agree with you more.If that isn’t what I want!He can’t see you quick enough.Half, nearly, poible 和not用在一起时的理解 Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.Not half=not at all The show is not half bad.= It is a very good show.The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.地球对小猫的引力根本不像对一块儿巨石那么大．
His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones.Such a state could not poibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries.Exercises 1.But that’s very extraordinary.It seems against nature.2.The Theory of Relativity put forward by Einstein is now above many people’s understanding.3.She is too careful not to have noticed it.4.Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception.5.Bite off more than one can chew.6.There is no evil without compensation.7.They never work without helping each other.8.He was in an uncomfortable predicament.9.It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing.教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译时正面表达和反面表达的灵活使用。
二、教学过程：
1．英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese).You are quite a stranger here.这儿的人都不认识你． Free-frost refrigerator Wet paint!He yelled “freeze!” Keep off the lawn!I failed to understand your meaning.我弄不懂你的意思。
A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.一个人做了不该做的事，日后往往会懊悔。
But I could see that my arguments were hopele.Those pigeons would have to go.但我发现我的争辩是徒劳的，这些鸽子留不住的。
2.英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式(affirmative in Chinese but negative in English).Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you? 这死丫头去哪里了？怎么叫你半天才来？ Pierre: hey, what the„!You old fool.Lena: don’t talk to me that way!I am not your wife.皮埃尔：哎，怎么，你这傻女人！莉娜：嘴里放干净点！我又不是你老婆
The United Nations organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。
I have read your article.I expect to meet an older man.拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。
The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.演讲者讲得太深奥，听众听不懂。
I am at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet.我实在没有办法让这孩子安静下来。0.双重否定(double negative)There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。
There is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。
It never rains but it pours.不下则已，一下倾盆。
The sea food goes against my stomach.不合我口味。
His speech leaves no room to improvement.他的演讲完美之至。That’s all Greek to me.这我一窍不通。
The music is like nothing on the earth.此曲只应天上有
4、一些习惯表达的译法： Far from: Your work is far from satisfactory.你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。
Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely.我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。
Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中国根本没有鼓吹核战争，是唯一承诺不首先使用核武器的核大国。Free from:
The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers.东南亚国家要求建立一个和平、自由和中立的地区，不受外来国家任何形式和方式的干涉。Free from anxiety: 常译为“无忧无虑”；Free from arrogance and rashne.: 不骄不躁。The vast discrepancies in wealth and standard of living show clearly that such a country can make no claim to be building a state free from the exploitation of the laboring maes.财富与生活水平悬殊的差别清楚地表明，这样的国家不能自称为是在建设一个劳工大众不受剥削的国家。
人人有不挨饿的权力。Every person has the right to be free from hunger.如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。
If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses.Too„to 不要总译为 “太。。以致”
He is too exited to speak.他激动得说不出话来。
In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.在过去几年中，有些国家里的罢工多得不胜枚举。
This book contained too much goip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.这本书里无聊的话太多，歪曲和弄虚作假之处太多，不值一评。
The military structure of the puppet clique is getting too broken to be propped up.这个傀儡集团的军事结构太支离破碎了，无法把它支撑起来。Notice: he is too ready to speak.他太喜欢讲话。
I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.我接到你的盛情邀请太高兴了。
Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.教员非常高兴和学生一起唱歌。Not too„ to相当于 not so „that „not„/ 而too„ not to„等于so„that„cannot but We are never too old to learn.我们不至于老得不学习。/我们活到老，学到老。A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教师不应骄傲得不向学生学习。
He was too experienced not to know it.等于he was so experienced that he cannot but know it.他很有经验，不会不知道这点/ 或“他很有经验，一定会知道这点”
（不得不，必定）I cannot but complain about the food.我不得不抱怨这食物。
Cannot„too„等于it is impoible for us to over+原形动词。如 we cannot praise him too much =It is impoible for us to over praise him.我们怎样称赞他都不会过分。A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good, it cannot last too long;if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，越早丢开越好。Not „because
The engine didn’t stop because
the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。Don’t scamp your work because you are preed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。
He didn’t half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。I couldn’t feel better.我觉得身体好极了。
I couldn’t agree with you more.我太赞成你的看法了。If that isn’t what I want!我所要的就是这个呀！He can’t see you quick enough.他很想尽快和你见面。Half, nearly, poible 和 not 用在一起时的理解。
Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.纸老虎根本不像有些人描绘得那样可怕。
Not half = not at all 又如：The show is not half bad=it is a very good show.The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.地球对小猫的引力根本不像对一块儿巨石那么大。Error=没有近乎像.His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones.他的最后三部小说远远不如早期的几部那样好。
Their views could not poibly be misunderstood.他们的意见根本不会被误解。Such a state could not poibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries.这样贫穷的国家没有别国的支持，本来根本（或无论如何）不会对它的邻国发动战争。could not poibly用来加强语气，不能译为“不可能”。
