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Unit 7 Amplification I Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Semantic Amplification 1.1.1 Amplifying Verbs
We have mention in unit 4 that agent nouns are repeatedly used to replace verbs in English, while more verbs are used in a single sentence in Chinese.Thus, based on context, verbs should be amplified before and after nouns to make the Chinese version clear and accurate.1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。2.He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.他赞成为了同所有爱好和平的国家改善关系而进行努力。
3.They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into night.他们谈了差不多8个小时，中间吃了一顿晚饭，接着谈到深夜。
4.Born in 1963 and a student of medicine at Alexandria, in Egypt, he had the same profile as many of the September hijackers: a middle cla background, a good education and a willingne to adopt western habits.他1963年出生，曾在埃及亚历山大学医，其大致经历和许多“9“11”劫机分子相同:出生中产阶级，受过良好教育，愿意接受西方习俗。
1.1.2 Amplifying Nouns 1.Amplifying Nouns behind Intransitive Verbs Some English verbs can be used both as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.For intransitive verbs, the meaning of the objectives is implied in the sentence.While in Chinese version, we should add the implied nouns after such verbs to make the meaning clear and complete.For example: 1).He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。
2).The general firmly believed that he was destined to conquer and win.将军坚信自己注定要征服敌人，赢得战争的胜利。
3).Steel and iron products are often coated le they should rust.钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。
4).Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世以后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。5).First you borrow, then you beg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。
6).After my conversion I soon became sufficiently known as a socialist orator.在我改变信仰以后，很快就以社会主义演说家而闻名。(注〕：一些由动词派生而来的名词增补适当的名词。2.Amplifying Nouns before Adjectives 1).This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。
2).She was small and slight in person, pale, sandy-haired.她身材瘦小，脸色苍白，头发是淡黄色的。
3).He is a complicated man---stubborn, coward and sensitive.他是一个性格复杂的人—固执、怯懦、敏感。4.She took the news very palely and calmly.她获悉这个消息的时候，脸色苍白，神情镇静。〔注〕：一些由形容词派生而来的名词和副词也要增补适当的名词。
3.Amplifying Nouns behind Abstract Nouns For some abstract nouns deriving from verbs or adjectives, we usually add category words such as现象, 情况, 工作, 任务, 因素, 态度, 局面, 状况, 问题 etc.to make the Chinese version more smooth.For example: 1).evaporation—蒸发作用 favoritism—徇私作风 loftine—崇高品质 modesty—谦虚态度
2).After all preparations were made, the planes were flown acro New York to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越纽约去旧金山。
3).He decided to change the backwardne of his hometown.他下决心改变家乡的落后状态。
4).The power is strong enough to shatter complacency.这种力量大得足以打破自满情绪。
6).In my 30-plus years of leadership experience, I've noticed that knowing how to deal with adversity and failure is one of the most overlooked and underestimated skills to achieve a fulfilling life.在担任领导职务的30多年中，我注意到如何对待逆境与失败正是人们在达到完善人生时最容易忽视和低估的技巧之一。
4.Amplifying Nouns behind Concrete Nouns Occasionally, some concrete nouns in English may expre the abstract meaning.In this case, we usually add proper nouns after them in Chinese version.For example: 1).He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。
2).He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情，而判他儿子有罪。
3).Kiinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.基辛格感到罗杰斯是在挑刺儿。但是，律师出身的尼克松支持了他的同行的挑刺儿。1.1.3 Amplifying Adjectives To complete the meaning and reach the rhetoric effect of the original sentence, we can add some proper adjectives before the nouns in Chinese version.For example:
1.“This is grasping at straws, I know,” said the helple man.“我知道，这是在抓救命稻草。”这个无助的人说道。2.“It’ll make a man of him,” said Jack, “army is the place.” “一定会把他造就成一个堂堂的男子汉，”杰克说，“就应当去参军。”
3.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are preparing for the 2008 Olympic Games.中国人民正在以多么高的热情为2008年奥运会做准备啊。1.1.4 Amplifying Adverbs We can also add some proper adverbs before verbs to make the meaning vivid and smooth in English-Chinese translation.For example: 1.The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。
2.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就开讲了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
3.Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子时常闪闪发光。
1.1.5 Putting in Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1.The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老头说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。”
2.They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他们从前一向是能够控制局面的，现在他们大家正在丧失控制局面的能力。3.We won’t retreat;we never have and never will.我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也不会后退。1.1.6 Putting Some Claifiers before Some Nouns 1.A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
2.A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.一湾溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去。
1.6.7 Putting in Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 1.The Americans and Japanese have signed the agreement.美日双方签署了协议。
2.Our country has developed rapidly militarily, politically and economically.我国在军事、政治、经济等方面都得到飞速发展。3.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道疤痕。
4.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。1.2 Syntactical Amplifying
This kind of amplification is used when the grammatical structures of the two languages concerned are quite different.1.2.1 Amplifying the Verbs Omitted in the original 1.He majors in English and I in French.他主修英语，我主修法语。
2.A sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.声音必须倾听，颜色必须观看，味道必须品尝，气味必须吸闻。
3.Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。
4.Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。1.2.2 Amplifying the Nouns Omitted in the original 1.We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.我们能够戒除不良作风，保持优良作风。
2.We will establish a government of, by and for the people.我们将建立一个民有、民治、民享的政府。
1.2.3 Amplifying the Component Parts Omitted in the Original 1.The guard inside the prison had no guns.But those in the towers did.牢房里的狱警不带枪，但瞭望塔内的狱警是带枪的。
2.Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！3.The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were to their own mistre.仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。（通过增词来表达助动词do, does, did所代替的意义。）
II Amplification in Chinese-English Translation 2.1 Syntactical Amplification
2.1.1 Adding Neceary Pronouns or nouns 2.1.1.1 Adding Pronouns or Nouns as subjects In Chinese, there are a lot of sentences without subjects.While, for English sentences, except the idioms and imperative sentences, each has its own subject.Therefore, in Chinese-English translation, the amplification of pronouns or nouns as subjects is very common.1.恐怕他不会来了。
I am afraid he will not come.2.大作收到，十分高兴。
I was very glad to have received your writing． 3.没有调查研究就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak．
汉语中有些表示存在或带有哲理性的无主句可以采用there be句型来翻译
4.剩下的时间不多了。
There is very little time left.5.没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without smoothne, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no smoothne.汉语中某些无主句有时也可采用it作其主语，或以it 为形式主语，即It is...to do/ that...6.不是因为不存在问题，而是因为看不见问题。
It is not because the problem is not here;it is just not visible.2.1.1.2 Adding Poeive Pronouns
Poeive pronouns are used more often in English than in Chinese.In English, when we refer to the poeions of or things related to a person, we should add poeive pronouns.For example: 1.孩子们天天带午饭到学校吃。
The children take their lunches to school every day.2.她用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。
She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.2.1.1.3 Adding Pronouns as Objects 1.把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。
After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.After your reading these stories, you tell them in your own words.2.交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation，you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved．
2.1.2 Adding Neceary Articles
Article is a special part of speech in English;in Chinese, there is no article.It is easy but neceary for the translator to add articles in translation.1.他们一听说有新任务，就坐不住了。
When they learnt that they would be given a new task, they just could not sit still any longer.2.我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。
We must make a comprehensive analysis of the problem before it can be properly solved． 3.耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。
The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling．The tongue is used for tasting．
2.1.3 Adding Neceary Connectives We have mentioned in the comparison between English and Chinese languages that English grammar is overt, while Chinese grammar is covert.In English connectives are frequently used to closely connect each part of the sentence.Thus, in Chinese=English translation, it is very common to add connectives.1.他不来，我不走。
I shall not go until he comes.2.早知这样就不来了。
If I had known it earlier, I would not have come.3.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward，whereas conceit makes one lag behind．
4.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood． 2.1.4 Adding Neceary Prepositions 1.十号清晨这里发生了一起火灾。
On the early morning of the 10th there was a big fire.2.这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.3.你是白天工作还是夜间工作？
Do you work in the daytime or at night? 2.2 Semantic Amplification English and Chinese as tow languages have different idiomatic expreions.For some Chinese sentences clear in meaning, if we translate them word to word into English, the meaning of English sentences may be not expreive, causing misunderstanding.In this case, semantic amplification is neceary.1.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
There is no snow, but the leaves are gone from the trees, and the gra is dead.2.谁都知道那里很艰苦。
Everyone knows that life there was rather hard.3.要提倡顾全大局。We should develop the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.4.法律是上层建筑。
Laws form part of the superstructure.5.天色已经相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜。
As it was getting quite late, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.2.3 Cultural Amplification
There are different cultures supporting English and Chinese.In translation, the adding of explanations of cultural allusions or figures and background knowledge is neceary.1.班门弄斧。
Showing off one’s proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter 2.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.3.这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。
It is just as the proverb goes “The onlookers see most of the game.”
Unit 8 Omiion
I Omiion in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Syntactical Omiion 1.1.1 The Omiion of Pronouns Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese.Therefore, when translated into Chinese, many English pronouns can be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expreion.1.He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
2.He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。
3.Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in the city.这座城市处处可见到新人新事。
(2,3,有时候，当泛指的英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。)4.You must excuse me.I shall not speak of the matter again.请你原谅，我以后不再提这件事了。
5.The more you elaborate on empty theories, the more people disgust them.你越讲空洞的大道理，人家就越感到讨厌。
6.The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.普通美国人一生中换九到十次工作。7.It is our duty to attend to this matter.处理这件事是我们的责任。
8.He believes it neceary to learn some rules before doing it.他认为有必要先掌握一些规律，然后再干。1.1.2 The Omiion of Articles
The article is the hallmark of English nouns.When translated into Chinese, it is usually omitted except the indefinite intended to indicate the numeral “one”, or “a certain”.1.The boy sitting at the table is my brother.坐在桌旁的（那个）男孩是我弟弟。（这里The boy 后有定语从句作修饰，the可省可不省）
2.A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼不如大象力量大。
3.She stared at me without saying a word.她瞪着我，一句话不说。
（不定冠词a或an 指“一”时，不能省略）
4.The taxi driver said that he was getting a pound a mile.出租汽车司机说他（开车）每开一英里可赚一英镑。（不定冠词a或 an 指“每一”时不能省略）5.The two boys are of an age.这两个男孩同岁。
（不定冠词a 或an 指“同一”时，不能省略）6.The traveler saw the bird fly away.这个旅行者看到那只鸟飞走了。
（定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时，也不能省略）
1.1.3 The Omiion of Preposition Chinese is characterized by its succinctne and the preposition appears le frequently in Chinese than in English, and therefore omiion preposition is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.1.On weekends we have no school.周末我们不上课。
2.The products produced in this factory are good in quality and low in price.该厂生产的产品物美价廉。
3.Regarding marriage, I have my own way.婚姻的事，我自己做主。
4.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.中国共产党成立于1921年。1921年中国共产党成立。
1.1.4 The Omiion of Conjunctions
Chinese is considered an analytic language and many conjunctions that are indispensable in English may seem redundant in Chinese.1.1.4.1 The Omiion of Coordinating Conjunctions 1.The door was opened, and they came in.门开了，他们走了进来。
2.He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大学念过两年书，后来就去参军了。
3.Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that Americans have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而，外国人有时抱怨说，美国人对外部世界漠不关心，一无所知。1.1.4.2 The Omiion of Subordinating Conjunctions 1.If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
2.One will not succeed unle one works hard.不努力就不会成功
3.As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高，水的体积就增大。
4.When the board was spinning slowly, you could see all the different colors.纸板慢慢旋转，你就能看出各种不同的颜色。1.1.5 The Omiion of Predicate Verbs As Chinese is a language of parataxis, its grammar is not so strict as that of English, and predicative verbs in Chinese sometimes my also be omitted.(汉语的描述句可以直接用形容词、名词、介词、短语或主谓结构作谓语，而英文句子的谓语则必须是动词，所以在英译汉时，描述句中的动词有时要省略。)1.1.5.1 The Omiion of Link Verbs 1.He was sixty-eight.In two years he would be seventy.他68岁，再过两年就70了。
2.When the preure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。
3.She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。
1.1.5.2 The Omiion of Other Verbs
1.Eight o’clock found Tom up and dreed.八点钟，汤姆起床穿衣。
2.The year of 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic China.1949年，中华人民共和国成立。
3.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompa a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。
1.2 Rhetorical Omiion We have mentioned Chinese is a succinct and concise language.In English-Chinese translation we can omit some minor or unneceary parts to make the translation smooth and fluent.1.2.1 The Omiion of Some Repeated Words
1.He was arrested, convicted and sentenced to prison
他已被捕判刑，监禁在狱。
2.He is a man of culture and learning.他是个有学问的人。
3.She stood there calm and quiet, waiting for their decision.她镇静地站在那，等待他们的决定。
4.William Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O.Henry, is one of the best known writers of America.威廉•悉尼•波特尔，笔名欧•亨利，为美国最知名的作家之一。1.2.2 The Omiion of Unneceary Words 1.Could you help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗？ 2.What is the shortest poible way to the railway station? 去火车站哪条路最近？
3.Part-time waitre applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.应聘业余女招待，有工作经验者优先。
4.The radio consisting of five tubes can receive various signals.五管收音机能接受各种信号。
5.There is no month in the whole year in which nature wears s more beautiful appearance than in the month of October.一年之中，大自然的美景莫过于十月金秋。
ⅡOmiion in Chinese-English Translation 2.1Omiion of Category Words Sometimes, omiion is used in Chinese-English translation when the original Chinese indicates not a specific case but a conceptual category, especially such nouns as “任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”、“情景”、“面貌” and so on.1.干热环境 dry heat
计划生育工作 family planning 落后状态 backwardne
在*时期 during the cultural revolution 3.他们在在讨论他访问香港的事情。
They are discuing about his trip to Hong Kong.4.关于利润分配的问题，我就说这些。
On profit distribution, that’s all I have got to say.2.2 Omiion of Redundant words 2.2.1 Omitting the Repeated Words 1.要是下三天雨，难道我就在这儿住三天不成？ Am I to stay here for three days if it rains that long? 2.生也好，死也好，我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。
Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.3.人们利用科学去了解自然，改造自然。
People use science to understand and change nature.4.我们必须培养分析问题,解决问题的能力。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.5.他从小就认真读书，刻苦学习。
He worked hard at his studies even in early childhood.6.海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood.2.2.2 Omitting the Unneceary Words 1.他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.2.他一开口总是三句话不离他女朋友。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking about his girlfriend.2.2.3 Omitting the Empty Words We have many empty words in Chinese such as “就”、“又”、“还”、“都”，etc.Usually, such empty words can be omitted in Chinese-English translation.1.师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。
The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances there are for improving teaching.2.她就是这种脾气。That is her temper.3.朋友们听到他家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。
After his friends heard about his family difficulties, they offered his a helping hand.4.那时候党中央的所在地就在保安，政治影响可谓大矣。
The Central Committee of the Party was then in Bao’an，and our political influence could be considered very great in deed.2.2.4 Omitting Verbs(有些前后意思已经很明确的动宾短语，可以省去搭配的动词不译，只译宾语。)1.总理在出席音乐会之前，还有许多工作要做。The premier had a lot of work to do before the concert.（没有必要译成before attending…）
2.她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。
She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.3.我在等待几个高中同学的到来。
I’m waiting for some clamates in middle-school.2.3 Omiion of Meticulous Descriptions
Occasionally, omiion is used to simplify the sentence structure, especially when the original Chinese is too meticulous in description.1.这时天空黑云密布，阴阴沉沉，和下午三四点钟的时候大不一样。It is now overcast and sullen, so changed from the early afternoon.2.花园里面是人间的乐园。有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
