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XXXXXX学院教案
2013—2014学年度第一学期
授课课程：英语写作 授课教师：XXXX 授课班级：交流生项目英语强化班授课章节名称 Chapter 1 Using proper words 教学目的与要求 Grasp correct usage of words 教学重点 Diction
教学难点 The ways of distinguishing the levels of words 思考题与作业 Task 1-2 教学内容、设计与时间安排：
I.Teaching method: Discuion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Tell the function of the words 2.Discu the synonyms and antonyms Step 2.Presentation: Ⅰ.Types of words
The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or bigwords.They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addrees.Many such words contain three or more than three syllables;most of them are of Greek or Latin origin.They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.Ⅱ.Choice of words
The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative.A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary;its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.For instance, country, nation, state and land have more or le the same denotation and may all be translated into guojia in Chinese, but their connotations are quite different.Country refers to an area of land and its population and government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is le precise but more literary and emotive than country.As compared here, these four words may be said to be synonyms.English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other languages over the centuries.But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use.They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone, and in collocation.Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them.Small is objective, while little may imply a feeling of fondne.Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humblene is not.Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation.So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory.Some synonyms have different collocations: they are habitually used with certain words.Large, not big, for instance, is used to modify nouns like amount, number and quantity(a large amount of money, a large number of people, a large quantity of beer, etc.).Similarly, with nouns denoting personal qualities, such as courage, confidence, ability, and wisdom, not big or large, but great, is commonly used.Ⅲ.General and specific words and synonyms
Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than others.Profeionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc.all of which are more specific.But scientists may be called a general word when compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left;they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe.Using specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impreive writing.Study the following examples.Ⅳ.Idioms and some phrases
An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.To read a book‖, for instance, is not an idiom, for the meaning of the phrase is the meanings of the three words put together, and ―a book‖ can be replaced by other words like ―a newspaper‖ or ―a novel‖.To ―read between the lines‖ is different.The four words that form the phrase give no hint as to what it means and none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing.They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic.But in using them foreign learners of English should remember the following two points:(1)most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation;but a few are slang and should be used with care, such as all balled up, meaning troubled or confused, and to cough up, meaning to produce something;(2)many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting, such as armed to the teeth and as good as gold, and should be used sparingly.Step 3.Practice: List some idioms, such as: Practice makes perfect.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.Step 4.Summary:
1.Make a brief summary of the word usage 2.Summarize the synonyms Step 5.Aignment: Chapter 1 Finish doing the task 1,2 ,3 on p2-14Chapter 2 Making correct and effective sentences 教学目的与要求 Grasp the coordinative and subordinate sentences 教学重点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 教学难点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 思考题与作业 Task 1-13 教学内容、设计与时间安排：
I.Teaching method: Discuion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the ways of complex sentence making
2.Discu the functions of coordination and subordination Step 2.Presentation:
I.coordination and subordination
1.Some sentences follow climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong.Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure.There is no suspense or climax;the tone is easy, relaxed and informal.The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more chapters of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions: Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful.When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impreive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm.They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.2.Figures of speech
There are various ways of using words figuratively.They are called figures of speech.Among the most common of them are: 1.Simile it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like: 2.Metaphor it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expreed with the word as or like.If Robert burns had written ―0 my loves a red, re rose‖ with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile.In the changed line, my love‖ is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison;hence rose is a metaphor.Step 3.Practice: Make some coordinative and subordinate sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making oordinative and subordinate sentences 2.Summarize the contents of this subject
Step 5.Cla writing Exercise: Solar Energy Reference answer: The energy crisis the world is now experiencing has forced scientists to investigate new sources of energy.It is clear that the foil fuel era is gradually coming to an end.Oil and natural gas will be depleted first, followed eventually by coal.The need for developing energy alternatives is thus evident.Solar power is receiving wide attention as one of the poible best sources of energy.It has mainly two factors in its favor.Firstly, unlike foil fuels, it is an environmentally clean source of energy.Secondly, it is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy.However, solar power has its disadvantages.One of them is that large collecting areas are required.The second disadvantage is that this system would not work in a cloudy area as well as at night.However, in sunny area, solar power could help solve the energy crisis.Step 6.Aignment: Chapter 2 Task1,2 P28-34
授课章节名称 chapter 3 Developing paragraphs 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of developing paraphs 教学重点 The ways of skillfully using emphatic sentences 教学难点 Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences 思考题与作业 Task 13-20 教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discuion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the functions of coordination and subordination 2.Discu the skills of wring effective sentences Step 2.Presentation: Effective Sentences 1.Unity Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence.A unified sentence exprees a single complete thought.It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it expre a thought that is not complete by itself.2.Coherence Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between chapters, a sentence is coherent when its words or chapters are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear.It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood.Parallel ideas had better be expreed in parallel constructions, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence.―what he says‖ and ―his deeds‖ are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed.The second sentence is faulty for the same reason and can be improved in the same way.In the third, ―faith‖ and ―hope‖ are parallel, but they should be followed by different prepositions.The three sentences are labeled ―faulty‖ because of the unclear or wrong connection between certain chapters.In the first sentence ―about sportsmen‖ seems to modify ―magazine,‖ but it should modify ―story.‖ In the second the which-clause is related to ―bag‖ but apparently it is meant to modify ―books.‖ In the third ―at first‖ may modify ―mentioned‖ and may also modify ―sounded‖ –an ambiguity that should be cleared up.All the faults are caused by misplaced modifiers.The faulty sentences are not coherent because of a confusing change in person, in number, in mood, and in voice respectively.A sentence should be consistent in these respects.Unneceary shifts should be avoided.3.Concisene
Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose letters 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of writing personal and busine letters 教学重点 The ways of writing busine letters 教学难点 The ways of writing busine letters 思考题与作业 Task 19-26 教学内容、设计与时间安排： 教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discuion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Review the skills of notices and note writing 2.Discu the skills of writing personal and busine letters Step 2.Presentation: I.Letters
Letters are important means of communication.Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, busine letters and personal letters.… 1.Form A letter has six chapters: the heading, the inside addre, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature.(1)The heading The heading gives the full addre of the writer and the date of the letter.…(2)The inside addre The inside addre, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full addre of the addreee.(3)The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addreee.It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside addre.(4)The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin(the block style)or begin with an equal indention(the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs.(5)The complimentary close The closing of a busine letter consists of three chapters: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name.In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized.…
2.Language
The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied.General speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those of a busine letter-the former is casual, whereas the latter is formal.…(1)Busine letters 1)Invitation 2)Application for entry to a college 4)Applications for visas(2)Personal letters II..Curriculum Vitae A curriculum vitae(c.v.)or resume is a short written account of the main events of one’s life.It is often required when one applies for a job.… 1.Name;Unlike most Westerners.We Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name.… 2.Addre: If you like, you may write both your busine or temporary addre and your home addre for example: … 3.Telephone:(0)or(W)is put after your office telephone number and(H), your home telephone number.4.Marital status: Put single or married(, no/two children).5.Education: schools should be listed either in chronological order(usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree)or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance.… 6.Profeions/work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution.For example: … 7.Awards/Honors and scholarships: these include scholarships, fellowships, grants, etc: 8.Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the bibliography card in chapter Eight The Research Paper, with the name of the author omitted.… 9.Profeional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 10.Languages: You may write the following under this heading: 11.References/Referees: They are people who know you and can offer information or recommendation.The normal number of references is two or three, and it is imperative that you obtain their permiion before using their names.In addition to names of your references, provide also their positions, full addrees and telephone numbers.Step 3.Practice:
Discu the method of writing a busine letter with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary:
1.Make a brief summary of the ways of letter writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Writing exercise: Write a personal letter to your friend(about 200 words)Step 5.Aignment: Chapter 7 Task11-20 p202-216
授课章节名称 Chapter 8 Preparing research papers Steps and formats 教学目的与要求 Grasp the methods of writing the research paper 教学重点 The format of research paper 教学难点 The format of research paper 思考题与作业 Task 1-7
教学内容、设计与时间安排、教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discuion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the skills of writing personal and busine letters 2.Discu the methods of writing the research paper Step 2.Presentation: I.Definition and Purpose
Having learned how to write eays, we are now working at the highest and the most difficult stage of writing—thesis writing or writing of a research paper.… In the proce of preparing a research paper, we may at least achieve the following: 1)we may learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly.2)we may familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics neceary for writing a research paper.II.Steps
We go through five steps or stages in the proce of preparing a research paper: 1)choosing a topic;2)collecting information;3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline;1.Choosing a Topic The selection of a topic is the first important step in preparing a research paper.An inappropriate decision about a research topic may lead to the failure of the whole project, or at least a waste of time and energy.… 1)Selecting a general topic 2)Reading and thinking 3)Narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper.The following points may be used as a set of criteria for our final topic:(1)It should be a topic that is meaningful and serious.(2)It should be a topic which we are able to handle.(3)It should be a topic for which sufficient materials are available.(4)It should be a topic that can be treated objectively, a topic that does not involve personal likes or dislikes.The following example shows how to restrict the scope and how to work out a suitable topic for a research paper: It should be a topic which we are able to handle.2.Collecting information It is impoible for us to write a paper of some significance without any information, … 1)Using the library A library is a center of information.… Sample 1 About the adventures of march in the title catalogue file, we can find one of more cards for the novel published by different companies and at different times:… 2)Reading Most of the information or raw material for a paper will come from books, … 3)Taking notes While reading, we should take notes because it is almost impoible for us to remember everything we have read and without good notes it is very difficult for us to produce a good research paper.3.Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline 1)The thesis statement 2)Outlining
4.Writing The First Draft 1)Using our own words 2 Using the proper tenses 3)Uniting facts and views 4)Paying attention to logic and organization 5)Making our tone objective rather than personal 6)Choosing the right style
5.Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper III Format
1.components of a paper 1)thesis statement and outline 2)Introduction 3)Body 4)Conclusion 5)In-text notes and works cited
2.Use of Quotations 1)Rules regarding the use of quotations 2)When to use direct quotations 3)How to use direct quotations 3.Use of notes 1)Avoiding plagiarism 2)note forms 3)Notes for supplementary information 4.Works cited 1)The book catalogue 2)Making bibliography 3)Bibliography cards for books Step 3.Practice: Discu the method of writing a research paper with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of research paper writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject
