中西方文化之鉴chapter 7演讲稿由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“中西方文化之鉴”。
Good morning everyone , today ,I’ll tell you something about ‘Perceiving Culturally’.Generally speaking , ‘Perceiving Culturally’ means feeling cultures with your every sense to perceive the world, such as eyes , ears , nose , fingers , skin , even the muscles and nerve endings.And all the human beings’ hardware are similar , no matter who he is or where he lives.Then we use our similar eyes , nose , ears and muscles sense the world.Besides , when we speak of culture, we have to talk about the world ,actually I mean physical world.As we all know , the physical world exist apart from our ability to sense it.The moon , the mountain ,the sun exist even we have never been there or talked to anyone who has been there, they are just there.There is a physical reality that others know these things too.Just as I said , the world and the sense are quite similar ,but we still have so many different cultures.this is because our sense and the world beyond our bodies are physical realities that have noting to with culture.The world is too big ,thousands of places , thousands races ,thousands of areas.people live in different places ,then they became familiar with the place they live.if one of them come to an another place ,he will be uncomfortable about it.For example ,a man from a tropical country ,when he sees snow , he can’t point out the differences among the various types of snow ,except the help from native.Well ,before I read the article ,I can’t point out the difference among them too.When a European coming to an Asian country ,such as china ,for the first time ,he may think all of the people there look alike ,cause these people he sees with black hair and dark eyes everywhere , witch is quite different from his hometown.After a whole time ,this pool outland can adapt the environment.it is the same with the taste of food and the sounds of music
For foreigners, various kinds of rice just taste alike.He can’t figure it out either unle we tell him the difference.See？Our sense and the world beyond our bodies are physical realities that have noting to with culture, yet we interpret the information we receive from our sense and this proce of interpretation is molded by our own culture.Just like we feel uncomfortable when we be other places.And that is why when we see something are strange but quite normal among native.This is culture ,this the difference among cultures.As the author of the book said ,when she came to china ,everything need to be learned again ,how to ride a bicycle ,how to ride a bus ,how to climb a mountain ,even though she knew how to do all these things before she came to china.Sometimes , You know when you come to a new country ,everything need to be learned from the start, it is so troublesome and irritating.you have to spend a whole time to adapt the new culture and environment.This is easy to understand ,I will show you an interesting phenomenon.In about 30 countries and areas ,people walk and drive on the left.Such as UK, Australia ,Island, Japan and Singapore.As a matter of fact ,the countries that people walk on the left are not too many ,most countries’ people walk and drive on the right.(不同的国家拥有不同的生活习惯，当到达一个国家时，你得清楚这个国家的基本生活习惯，以防闹出笑话。在大概30多个国家，人们习惯在左侧行走或者驾车，剩下的国家大部分是靠右行走或者行驶)
High contact and low contact cultures The American anthropologist Edward.T.Hall.points out some cultures use one sensory system ,vision for example ,more than another ,touch for example ,to orient themselves in physical space.If a culture relies more on sight than touch ,then people from that culture are likely to stand and sit apart from others.If the culture uses touch for orienting then people have to be close enough to other people and things.(不同的文化对感官的使用侧重点是不一样的，有的偏向于使用触觉，有的则是视觉，这就造成了文化大致分成“高接触文化”和“低接触文化”)Hall divide the population into two categories.The former one is low contact cultures and later one is high contact cultures.In the low contact cultures , people stand a certain distant away to communicate ,which will make sure we do not sense the other person’s body heat or subtle smell , but we can see a frown or a smile.In a general way ,countries belong to low contact cultures including United States ,Canadian ,North America and United Kingdom.However , the high contact cultures show a quite different scene compare with low contact cultures.People from high contact cultures gather together.everywhere is full of noise ,smells.There are so many people everywhere corner.People close to each other ,I mean quite close ,hand-to-hand-head-to-head kind of close.Well ,by the way ,cause I am a man prefer quiet.Too much noise makes me feel uncomfortable and nerves.At last, high contact cultures countries includes Arab, Southern Europe, China and so on.When a man from low contact culture come to a high contact country, he will think everybody around him is staring at him and so close to him, he will feel it uncomfortable.But when a man from high contact culture come to a low contact country, he might think everyone around him is so cold, and every people try to away from him, especially during the communicate with others.this is uncomfortable too.The world of sensory perception（感知世界）
All humans can, see, hear, smell, thin ,touch.We learn how to use these senses in culturally specific ways.We live in different perceptual worlds.Different cultures own different natural and human environment.Under the different environment, people learned how to synthesize their various senses and what to pay attention and what to ignore.(在不同的文化里，对同一事物的关注点可能会不一样)Comparing the arts of various cultures is an excellent way to understand the concept.For example, Chinese landscape painting and Western painting.Landscape painting has been particularly influential in defining for viewers what they expect to see in a
painting in China.Similarly the realistic style using linear perspective has been especially influential in the west in defining what viewers expect to see.(就是说，中西方不同的绘画艺术方法决定了看画的人想看到的是什么，中国画向观众战士了他们想看的，西方画利用了透视法来决定观众想看到什么)It’s fair to say, Chinese painting arts are more free.Artists of Chinese use various lines with brushstrokes draw anything , from gra, people to mountains and lakes, even the air, the wind, and the universe.Chinese paintings don’t pay more attentions on things’ appearance and form, they just expre their emotion to readers.Some great artists can even draw the environment from Chinese abstract poetries.This is wonderful I think.How a great mind can several mountains, big lakes and rivers just with few lines ,and make you fell that this is the whole universe at the same time!On the contrary ,western paintings pay more attention on appearance.Everything in the painting are quite reality.and they don’t use lines to expre what they think.Actually, at the most of time ,I don’t understand the deep meaning in their paintings.Some one told me that they just draw things around, few of their paintings have deep meaning, what the painting draw what they want to expre.Yes, abstract paintings, normal people like me do not understand what they want to say ,what they want to expre.And what is strangest is that these paintings worth a lot of money.That confuse me for years.Back to the topic ,generally speaking , western paintings pay more attention on man instead of nature.But Chinese artists think we human beings is just a little part of the whole world.We are too small.They often put philosophy into the painting, I like it.And the western artists usually use so many kinds of colors to expre the topic , which was quite different from Chinese.Finding meaning in visual worlds
When I was in high school, one of my teacher told me that if a Chinese artists want to expre spring ,he will just paint a branch with a little cute bird on it , that means spring, and that’s enough.But in western paintings ,there will be so many people panic on the gra ,enjoy the warm sun and delicious food, even some naked woman are neceary , no offence for that.Sometimes ,I just do not understand ,what the western paintings want to say.Here is a small video about Chinese paintings.(中国动画经典，《牧笛》)Anyway ,I have so many words want to say about Chinese paintings.Visual space is not as “friendly” as tactile space
Hall says that we do tend to experience we take in with our eyes as separate and distant from us, contrast to which, we feel connected to the space and things experienced through touch.People in some cultures rely more on sight at far distances.（视觉空间并不会比触觉空间更加“友好”）
European cultures emphasize vision at a distance and architects from that culture have long designed public buildings and monuments that are meant to be impreive when viewed from afar.(欧洲人建造公共设施和纪念碑时，建的很高，以确保能从很远就能看见)Americans like to live in houses with big windows, not windows aligned to capture the heat of the sun, but windows for looking out.(美洲人，他们是喜欢更大，更多的窗户，但不仅仅是为了阳光，更重要的是为了看的更远)
Sensing through movement
When you move to an unfamiliar culture from one another.You need to learn how to move, such as how to cro the street and how to appreciate a garden.It is quite strange ,the Chinese art of landscape design incorporates all the sense in a way that is unfamiliar to westerners , westerners tend to orient themselves by using sight ,and that is why there are so many kinds of flowers ,trees and gra in the gardens.As we can see from the picture, that is so colorful and beautiful.All of these serve for their sight.Then westerners often put various plants in a small place to make it more colorful and beautiful.Some time ago, I went to the Humble Administrator's Garden(拙政园)I found that in the Chinese gardens including Japanese gardens I think , they don’t so many flowers, just trees and trees ,stone and stone.Well ,Chinese gardens’ function is making people feel quiet and silence, which is different from western gardens.If the flowers and trees can talk, I think gardens of western are lively.(我认为在中国园林中，花不能太多，花一旦多了起来，就会显得很庸俗，很繁杂，很无序).Just few flowers to embellish(点缀)the gardens.All of the elements among the gardens, like shadow, leaves, path, stone, even the sounds of birds and rain, play a important role in the gardens.By the way, eastern people appreciate gardens not only use eyes, but also use other senses, such as nose, ears, even the skin.You can smell the fresh air ,hear songs from birds, feel the breeze in the skin.(园林中的各种元素都是可欣赏的景色，包括我们各种感官对园林的直观体验，都是园林整体的一部分)The more typical American or European monument is raised above ground level on a pedestal.However, Maya Lin’s design, incorporating the experience of movement she learned from Chinese culture, consists of a series of stone tablets inscribed with the names of the soldiers who died in the war set low to the ground.As we all know ,in traditional china ,monuments are always small compare to American or European monuments Climbing mountains in china also confuse the author.In the west ,people climb mountains just hold the idea that get to the top, and enjoy the view in the top.On the contrary ,Chinese people show more interest in the proce during climbing mountains , get to the top is not important enough.In my opinion , the difference came from the history.As we all know ,before the America was found ,west people drive ships through sea for so many time ,which makes them has a strong spirit of adventure.But at that moment we Chinese people lose the door to the outsides, which make us very backward.(在中国天人合一的思想下，爬山不是为了征服山，而是为了体验爬山带来的感受，我们注重的不是结果，而是过程；相反的，西方人则更加注重爬到山顶之后的景色，爬山在西方人的眼中类似于征服，山顶上的景色是征服大山的奖赏。这种差异的产生是有历史原因的，西方的这种冒险精神和地理大发现有着很大的关系，而与此同时，中国却紧锁大门，封闭自己，造成了这种差异)
Auditory space
Different cultures have much different tolerances for particular sounds and loudne of sounds.For example, American parents try to keep silence and dark when their children are sleeping.The result is that many Americans cannot sleep unle they are in a quite place.But in some other countries ,people can sleep in almost any place.In a whole ,when you at a noise means happy.In many countries it is against the law to use the horn on a car except in an emergence.But in china we can image that we know how important a driver thinks his paenger is by often and how strongly he leans on the horn.(很多国家无故按汽车鸣笛是违法的，除了在紧急情况下。但是在中国，司机恨不得一直按着喇叭才能体现出他的乘客的重要性)Screening Sounds：The Japanese screen visually in a variety of ways but are perfectly content with paper walls as acoustic screens.The Germans depend on thick walls and double-doors to screen sound, and have difficulty if they must rely on their own powers of concentration to screen out sound.(东方人因为整体环境相对嘈杂，所以在声音筛选方面要比西方人更加有优势)
The world of smells Smells is the most powerful sense for recalling our memories and arousing emotions.The power of smell to remind us of the past probably plays a part in people’s emotional attachment to local place and their childhood homes.May be more important than vision.(母亲的饭菜，，最近播出的《舌尖上的中国》).Smells are quite important for people’s memories.Things you might not know: the relationship between smell and memory are very close, even closer than the relationship between the visual and memory, smell better evoke(唤起)early memories take us back to childhood, olfactory abilities decline(下降)may be a harbinger(预兆)of aging(衰老);training another way of smell is expected to slow aging(你可能不知道的事：嗅觉和记忆的关系非常紧密,甚至比视觉和记忆的关系还要密切,嗅觉更能勾起早期记忆，带我们回到童年,嗅觉能力的下降有可能是衰老的先兆；训练嗅觉有望为延缓衰老另辟蹊径)The role of the sense of smell is not only that, it also affects our ability to learn things.And good smell can also increased appetite.That is amazing.(嗅觉可以唤起儿时的回忆，也能影响人得学习能力甚至是记忆能力)
But in the America ,smells are quite few around them.One reason is that they are more mobile than people in other countries.They use kinds of deodorants to cover their bodes’ smells, which makes them have few smells in their society.(当今很多西方社会都缺乏味道，不仅仅是因为美国人经常移动，更是因为他们大量的使用各种香水和除臭剂，造成社会上味道的缺失)
