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0045 China's economy, once reliant on state spending in heavy industry, has increasingly looked to the retail sector for growth.Market-oriented reforms begun in 1978 have created a growing private sector, and much of that is concentrated in the retail trade.118 238The state has also moved aggreively to tap the retail market as reforms put money in the pockets of the nation's consumers.404That has created a service economy where, sometimes, the customer really is king.300 405Before the reforms took hold, a shopping excursion often meant a test of wills, with sleepy attendants at state-owned stores with little incentive to sell.Goods were often shoddy and carelely displayed.423 532Shortages were common and ration coupons were needed to buy anything from rice to cloth and cooking oil.Those days are all but forgotten now.545 633Broadly defined, retail consumption, estimated in exce of US$450 billion, is growing by about 10% annually.With a value added tax of 17% applied to all goods, the retail trade is a major contributor to state revenue.Since 1978, the private sector has embraced retailing in a big way.703 850Government-owned factories have been forced to lay off millions of workers to trim costs and start making a profit.That has driven many of those workers into the retail sector, with a high percentage operating privately-run corner shops, convenience stores, clothing shops, bars and restaurants, and even beauty parlors and dry cleaners.915 1051 Foreign investors have also moved into the market in force, investing more than US$3 billion in China since 1992.Headed by the likes of Carrefour and Wal-Mart, some 300 foreign-funded retailers with 2,200 chain stores have been approved and the pace is certain to accelerate following China's entry into the WTO.1121 1307While foreign-invested stores still account for only 2-4% of all retail sales, their impact has been profound.Their presence has forced local-retailers to compete by expanding their scale of busine and making their stores more attractive to customers.1330 1448The new entrants in the market have brought an array of goods.While foreign brands were once reserved for the elite or wealthy foreigners, they are now aimed at local customers.1502
中国经济一度靠国家投资重工业来维持增长而目前零售业已日趋成为经济的增长点。1978年开始的市场经济改革使私人经济不断扩大而其中很大部分都集中在零售业。随着改革使消费者的收入日益提高国家加速了零售业的发展。服务产业的形成使顾客有时也有了当“上帝”的感觉。改革前逛街购物通常意味着对意志的考验国营商场里那些昏昏欲睡的售货员们卖东西的积极性不高。货物的质量往往不够好商品的摆放也是漫不经心。缺货断货是常有的事大米、布匹、食用油都要凭票购买。那样的日子早已一去不复返了。广义上的零售消费额估计超过4500亿美元并以每年10%的速度递增。加上所有商品17%的增值税零售业已成为国家财政收入的主要来源之一。自1978年以来私营经济大规模进入零售业。国有企业为了降低成本和赢利被迫大批裁减职工。许多下岗职工进入零售业不少人经营小卖铺、便利店、服装店、酒吧、餐馆甚至美容店和干洗店。国外投资商也大举进入零售市场。自1992年以来他们在中国的投资已超过 30亿美元。以家乐福和沃尔玛为首约300家外资零售商获准在中国设立2200家连锁店。随着中国的入世这一发展速度肯定还要加快。虽然外商在零售总额中只占2-4%但他们对市场却产生了深远的影响。外商的存在促使国内零售企业在竞争中不断扩大规模增强对顾客的吸引力。新来者为市场带来了大量的商品原来仅为精英人士和外国富人准备的外国名牌商品现在也瞄准了中国本地的消费者。
