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概括A paragraph is a unity of thought composed of sentences ,smaller units of thought ,that relate to a single topic.a good paragraph is composed in such a way that it has:
1)unity :each sentence a relates to a main idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topic sentence.2)Coherence :the sentence are tied each other and to the main idea ,they flow smoothly.3)Completene :it explores the main idea explicitly and
concretely ,with plenty of details ,examples ,and explanations.1An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the
topic.properly used ,the topic sentence forces the writer to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish.The topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the
paragraph ,which indicates the importance of topic sentence.The topic sentence is an emphatically placed ,explicit statedment of the central idea in a paragraph.in short ,a good topic sentence has a limited subject
and a sharp focus ,namely ,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.a topic sentence that is too general
requires much more than paragraph to develop it.a topic sentence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the paragraph.Coherence is connection and consistency.Just topic sentence help reader follow our ideas ,other singer also help them understand what we have to say.we can establish better coherence by using the following devices;pronoun
reference ,repetition ,and transitional words and phrases.Completene:
Completene in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately develop by details ,explanation ,definitions ,evidences ,and the like ,so that the reader is not left with what only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means.2development of the main idea ,then ,is like enlarging a
photograph to make details clearer.so ,development in the
paragraph is as unity and coherence because skillful development
helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the
sense of onene.Three basic patterns of logical reasoning in paragraph
development :inductive 归纳法(periodic paragraph掉尾段)deductive
演绎法,and inductive-deductive(major support主承接 minor support)
The most important sequences of development are general to
particular ,particular to general ,climactic 层递顺
序,chronological时间顺序 ,and spatial空间顺序.climactic sequence :the most intense or highest point of interest
is saved for the final sentence ,which may be ,but is not
necearily ,the topic sentence.Chronological sequence :sentence is one in which earlier things
precede later things;items are listed in the order in which they
ocuur in time ,the most obvious use of a chronological sequence
is in telling a story.Spatial sequence :a is used in descriptions of various types ,it
starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically
in some direction ,from one place to another.Among the most important types of paragraph development are
development by details ,comparison and
contrast ,proce ,claification and partition ,cause and
effect ,definition ,and mixed development.A comparison shows how two or more things are alike ,and a
contrast shows how they are deferent.When we divide ,we begin with a whole ,a complete body of
information or one idea ,and break it into its parts.when we
claify ,we begin with many small observations and sort them
into categories on the basis of their aimilarities.Causal analysis involves the ability to see and effect
relationships between two elements.In order to arrive at a cause ,we need to distinguish among three
kinds ,neceary ,sufficient and contributory.Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended
meaning of abstract or technical terms行语.There are two types of definition :formal definition and extended
definition.formal definition includes the term itself ,the cla
it belongs to ,and the details that distinguish it from other
items in its cla.A single paragraph often contains more than one type of
development ,almost any kind of paragraph may include examples oe
illustrations.the important thing is to avoid switching abruptly
and apparently without reason from one kind of development to
another in the middle of a paragraph.The introduction should agree in tone and style with rest of the
eay.In general.diction is the choice of words expre the writer’s
ideas and feeling exactly.the choice of words will depend on his
purpose ,his point of view ,and his reader.Every word has a denotation and a connotation.to denote means to
point to ,to connote means to imply.the denotation of a word is
its bare dictionary definition;the connotation includes all of
the emotional overtones suggested by the word.The semantic triangle语义三角 :explains how words derive their
meaning from being matched up with an object or
concept.according to this theory ,each word operates as a symbol
with a referent(thing the word stands for)and a
reference(thoughts about the word)
Concrete words refer to tangible ,material things that can be
experienced with the sense(nectarine ,nail polish).abstract
words refer to qualities pr conditions rather than to specific
objects or examples(sweetne , fulfillment)general words refer
to entire groups or cla(people fuel)specific words refer to
explicit ,particular examples of a group or cla(boy scouts
kerosene)unlike abstract and concrete ,general and specific are
relative terms.Use words economically :some writers get into habit of
automatically using meaningle phrases ,often introductory
phrases ,that take up space and add nothing to meaning ,such
phrases are commonly called deadwood.The greatest enemies of fresh diction are clichés滥用词 ,vogue
words流星语 ,nonce words现造词 ,fine writing 辞藻华丽地文章and
particular words and phrases.Chinglish pidgin混杂语 中国式英语
Metaphors暗寓 similes明喻 sarcasm嘲讽 hyperbole夸张
personification拟人
.;
