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American Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was known as the Romantic Movement or Romantic revival.Its chief self-expreion, sincerity, spontaneity and originality become the new standards of literature.The Romantics turned to their emotional directne of personal experience and their boundlene of individual imagination and inspiration.While the main achievement in America during Romantic Movement was Transcendentalism and America achieved its intellectual independence.Washington Irving, the first great prose stylist of American romanticism, restored the waning Gothic romances and his work The Legend of Sleepy Hollow made him the first American writer who won international-wide reputation.Then came James Fennimore Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories——the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga including
Leatherstocking Tales and The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans, and his The Prairie was regarded as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.Emerson was spokesman of Transcendentalism and his book Nature became the Bible of Transcendentalism-universe in which he called for American stopped imitating English writers.Then it was Henry David Thoreau who put transcendental principals into life practice.His first famous book Walden he advocated a simple, primitive, pure life but he once said,” I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents`.The next was Nathaniel Hawthorne.The central theme in his works was about sin.Sin was universal in human being even in those who appeared pure actually related to wickedne.Everyone was corrupted by original sin so he developed psychological novel like The House of the Seven Gables for Hawthorne sin was kind of psychological effect, thus all his main characters were in painful inner conflict.Also, puritan was at heart of Hawthorne and a strong puritan influence can be found in his works like The Scarlet Letter.Herman Melville, influenced by
Enlightenment Movement, believed in human goodne.He lived an eventful life.At 20, he went to sea as a whaler and his life at sea provided materials for Moby Dick, which earned him a name “American Shakespeare”.In Moby Dick, one of the major themes in Melville was alienation,which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, man and nature.Walt Whitman, the first great American poet who most consciously expreed American spirit in poetry better than others, used free verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.Most of the poems in Leaves of Gra, were about man and nature and this work was regarded as the first genuine epic poem and it free expreed American spirit and fundamental ideas in American culture and society.In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual.He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expreion of the truth.Emily Dickinson was the best American female poet.Her poets were simple and symbol of language, philosophical, metaphorical and symbolic in metaphysical.Edgar Allan Poe, the father of modern short story, detective story, and psychoanalytic
criticism and aesthetician and one of the forerunners of symbolism, also one of the major founders of gothic tales, science fictions and horror stories, enjoys a worldwide fame now and influenced French Symbolism and Aestheticism.American Romanticism was characterized by not having political radicalism, imitative and independent.Romantic celebration of nature was inspired in part by a desire to establish an original relationship with the “new landscape”.
