本人总结关于肺癌的SCI写作的常用句型由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“sci常用句型总结”。
本人总结关于肺癌的SCI写作的常用句型。
1． Small-cell lung cancer(SCLC)is distinct from the more common non–small-cell lung cancer by its rapid doubling time, high growth fraction, early development of widespread metastases, and dramatic initial response to chemotherapy and radiation
2． However, despite high initial responses to therapy, most patients die from recurrent disease
3． Although squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)and SCLC were the most frequent histologic subtypes of lung cancer in the initial period of the smoking-related cancer epidemic, more recent studies have consistently reported the predominance of adenocarcinoma, which is now recognized as the most common histologic type of lung cancer
4． The American Cancer Society estimated that SCLC represented 25% of the 170,000 new cases of lung cancer in the United States in 1993.Recent studies however have shown a decrease in the total number of lung cancer cases, particularly in men with SCLC and SCCWe analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiologic, and End Results(SEER)program of the National Cancer Institute(Bethesda, MD)to determine the changes in incidence, proportion of SCLC among new cases of lung cancer, and survival rates for patients with SCLC during the period from 1973 to 2002
5． As of 2002, SCLC comprised only 12.95% of all lung cancers
6． outlines the characteristics of patients with small-cell lung cancer as identified in the SEER data set from 1973-2002.7． It increased modestly between 1982 and 1989 at an annual percentage change rate of 1.2% that was not statistically significant.8． This downward trend is statistically significant(P
9． Our analysis of the SEER database indicates that the incidence of SCLC has been steadily decreasing in the United States over the last several years
10． The decrease in the incidence of SCLC may be explained by the decreased percentage of smokers and by the change in cigarette composition.11． Several studies of patients with SCLC have shown improved survival rates in women compared with men.In a study comparing the survival of women and men treated from 1973 to 1986 at the National Cancer Institute, both the rates of median survival(13 months v 10 months)and of survival beyond 2.5 years(15% v 6%)favored women.23
12． Similar findings were reported in a large retrospective analysis of five studies conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Study Group
B(CALG between 1972 and 1986, in which women had improved response rates and long-term survival.13． A retrospective review by the Southwest Oncology Group(SWOG)reported that the improved survival rates in women was restricted to patients with limited-stage disease
14． Improved outcomes for women have been previously suggested by large retrospective studies but the overall improvement in survival for both men and women over the last 30 years is very modest
15． SCLC is strongly aociated with cigarette smoking and consequently it is a highly preventable disease
16． Prophylactic cranial irradiation(PCI)has been shown to provide survival benefit in patients with limited disease small-cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC)who have achieved complete response
17． We developed a decision-analytic model to compare quality-adjusted life expectancy(QALE)in a cohort of SCLC patients who do or do not receive PCI by varying survival rates and the frequency and severity of PCI-related NT.Sensitivity analyses were applied to examine the robustne of the optimal decision.18． The current data suggest PCI offers better QALE than no PCI in LD-SCLC patients who have achieved complete response
19． Approximately 14% to 24% of SCLC patients have demonstrable CNS metastases at initial presentation, usually in combination with other extrathoracic sites
20． Even after initial response to chemotherapy, the incidence of clinically detectable brain metastases increased with increased length of survival and reaches 50% at 2 years.21． Moreover, treatment of brain metastases is unsatisfactory—only about half of patients achieve a useful palliation after whole-brain irradiation, and median survival is le than 3 months after metastasis to the brain
22． In considering the poor outcome of patients who developed brain metastases, Hansen7 proposed prophylactic brain irradiation, later
renamed prophylactic cranial irradiation(PCI), for all patients with SCLC.23． During the last three decades, there has been much debate on whether and how PCI should be used in the management of SCLC
24． The point of contention centers on the determination of the risks of short-term and long-term toxicity and benefits of reduction in brain metastasis and prolonging overall survival by PCI
25． Because of the intense research8-31 and two recent meta-analyses, a general consensus has been reached in the following areas: PCI is recommended for patients with limited disease(LD)SCLC who have achieved complete response(CR);the commonly accepted dose of PCI ranges from 24 to 36 Gy, with once-daily or twice-daily fractions equal to 2 to 3 Gy/d;
26． PCI and concomitant chemotherapy can increase toxicity and should be avoided;PCI significantly reduces the risk of brain metastasis by approximately 50%(hazard ratio, 0.46and 0.48);PCI prolongs survival(hazard ratio for mortality, 0.84 and 0.82);and acute radiation-induced toxicities are typically mild and resolved within a few months.27． Despite the above-described advancements, only limited data on long-term PCI toxicities are available
28． To date, there are no reliable data to estimate the frequency and severity of the long-term toxicities induced by PCI
29． PCI is now routinely recommended for those patients who achieved CR to chemotherapy
30． Moreover, as more effective chemotherapy and combined chemoradiation improves the overall outcome and long-term survival of SCLC patients, the potential risk of chronic NT will be greater and the quality of life(QOL)becomes a more important consideration among the long-term survivors.31． Given that PCI has become a standard treatment for LD-SCLC patients who have achieved CR, it is no longer ethical to conduct randomized controlled trials including an arm with no PCI
32． There is general agreement that patients with small-cell lung cancer(SCLC)and good performance status should be offered chemotherapy and when indicated, radiotherapy, aimed at prolonging survival and achieving a proportion of cures.33． The use of carboplatin avoids the nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity aociated with cisplatin, and carboplatin can be substituted for cisplatin without survival detriment or the fluid loading needed with cisplatin, which can be problematic in lung cancer patients
34． Phase II studies of ICE and ICE-V, followed by thoracic and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy when clinically indicated, in patients with good performance status and limited-stage(LS)or extensive-stage(ES)SCLC, reported complete response rates in exce of 50% and 2-year survival rates ranging from 24% to 33% for LS and 14% to 23% for ES
35． However, because these instruments had not been compared previously in a randomized fashion, this trial represented an opportunity to compare them in terms of compliance and ability to detect differences between regimens to guide the selection of QL instruments in future trials.36． to compare these two chemotherapy policies in terms of adverse effects of treatment and QL
37． This randomized trial has shown that a regimen of ICE-V administered every 4 weeks significantly prolongs survival compared with standard, mainly nonplatinum-based chemotherapy administered every 3 weeks in the treatment of patients with SCLC and good performance status
38． Perhaps counterintuitively
39． The benefit seen in the current trial with a platinum-based regimen is echoed by two retrospective reviews, a meta-analysis based on published data, and one more recent trial
40． A review of SCLC patients treated at the US National Cancer Institute suggested a modest survival benefit for PE in LS patients
41． Treatment for patients with SCLC and a good PS might be improved by adding one or more drugs to platinum/etoposide, dose intensification, the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, or the use of new drugs
42.There are a number of ways of increasing the total dose and the dose-intensity of chemotherapy: increasing the number of cycles, increasing the dose per cycle, decreasing the interval between cycles, or combinations of these.A meta-analysis of the published literature28 suggested that all of these strategies are relevant for improving survival, although not all individual trials show this pattern
43.Although there are proven survival benefits in adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy for LS SCLC patients,30,31 the optimum timing of radiotherapy is unclear
44.A recent meta-analysis of fully published trials32 indicated a benefit for early thoracic radiotherapy, particularly in conjunction with PE chemotherapy and with hyperfractionated radiotherapy
45.A Japanese trial35 comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy(PE with 45 Gy administered in twice-daily fractions starting with cycle 1 every 4 weeks)and sequential treatment 4(cycles of PE administered every 3 weeks with the same radiotherapy administered after cycle 4)showed a much improved median survival with concurrent treatment(27.2 v 19.7 months)although with only 231 patients, this did not translate into a statistically significant difference
46.The emergence of newer cytotoxic drugs may also offer opportunities to improve the outlook of patients with SCLC
47.Although all the above strategies are worth pursuing, the future probably lies with biologically targeted agents;SCLC exhibits numerous molecular abnormalities, including neuropeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, CD117, and vascular endothelial growth factor expreion, which may be exploitable
