【中国：急速蔓延的城市】由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“城市无限制蔓延”。
【中国：急速蔓延的城市】
Urbanisation城市化
The great sprawl of China中国城市的迅速蔓延 How to fix Chinese cities如何修补中国的城市
Jan 24th 2015 | LANGFANG | From the print edition of The Economist 译者：Chow-Chuan IN ANCIENT times, Beijing built towering city walls that helped to prevent undefendable sprawl.These days it builds ring roads, stretching built-up areas ever outwards.Near Langfang, a city halfway between the capital and its giant neighbour Tianjin, diggers dip their heads and cement mixers churn, paving the next circular expreway.When complete, the 900km(560-mile)Seventh Ring Road will surround Beijing at such a distance that most of it will run through the neighbouring province of Hebei, to which Langfang belongs, rather than the capital itself.Parts of it are 175km from Beijing’s centre(see map).在古代,北京建造高大的城墙来帮助阻止不可预防的城市蔓延。近年来，北京修建了几条环形路，把建筑密集区向城市外围延展。廊坊是一座位于首都北京和其相邻的大城市天津之间的城市。在廊坊附近，挖掘机和水泥搅拌机不停工作着，为下一条环形高速铺路。竣工时，这条长900千米（560英里）的七环路将环绕北京，其中大部分将穿过廊坊隶属的河北省而不是北京本身。七环的部分路段距北京市中心长达175千米（见地图）。The Seventh Ring Road(really the sixth, but for obscure reasons there is no First Ring Road)is emblematic of modern Chinese cities: giant, sprawling and dominated by cars.Even before it is completed in a year or two(and its use aeed), another, even longer, orbital is being plotted.Like many of China’s infrastructure projects, the new road displays engineering prowe.The country’s succees in urban planning are le evident.七环路（实际是六环，但是没有一环，原因不明）是中国现代城市的象征：巨大，不断蔓延且充满了汽车。甚至在七环竣工前一两年（以及使用评估），另一条更长的环城路就已经在计划中了。与很多其他的中国基础设施工程一样，新的七环路彰显了强大的工程本领，而国家在城市规划上的成功则没那么明显了。Breakneck urban growth has propelled China’s rise in the past three decades.Migration from the countryside has helped expand the urban population by 500m—the biggest movement of humanity the planet has seen in such a short time.Over half the population is now urban.Some live in the basements of apartment blocks, or in shacks built in courtyards.But Chinese cities have mostly avoided the squalor of many developing-world ones.极快的城市增长推动了中国在过去30年里的兴起。来自农村的人口迁移帮助扩大了5亿的城市人口—地球上在如此短暂时间内最大的人类迁移运动。中国现在有超过半数的城市人口。有人生活在公寓楼的地下室里，有人生活在院子里搭建的小木屋里。但是中国城市很大程度上避免了很多发展中国家的脏乱。
The result of this urban growth is not just that China has many large cities—more than 100 of them have more than a million people—but that some are supersized.At the end of last year the government at last acknowledged the special nature of these, introducing the term “megacity” to describe those whose populations, including that of their satellite towns, exceed 10m.Of the 30 cities worldwide that match this definition, six are in China: Shanghai(23m), Beijing(19.5m), Chongqing(13m), Guangzhou(12m), Shenzhen(11m)and Tianjin(11m).A further ten Chinese cities contain 5m-10m people.At least one of these, Wuhan, will pa 10m within a decade.城市增长给中国带来的不仅是很多大城市—超过100座拥有大于100万人口，但是这个数字是被夸大了。去年年末，政府终于承认这些城市的特殊性，并引入“大城市”（megacity）这个词来描述那些包括卫星城人口超过1千万的城市。在符合这一定义的全世界的30个城市中，中国占了6个：上海（二千三百万），北京（一千九百五十万），重庆（一千三百万），广州（一千两百万），深圳（一千一百万）以及天津（一千一百万）。另外十个人口在500万到1000万的城市中，至少有武汉将在10年内超过1000万。
China depends on its cities for economic growth and innovation.But it is failing to make the most of its largest conurbations.Medium-sized agglomerations of 1.5m-6.5m are outperforming bigger ones in terms of environmental protection, economic development, efficient use of resources and the provision of welfare, says McKinsey, a consultancy.Residents are beginning to question whether their quality of life, which for many has improved by leaps and bounds, will continue to do so.The giant cities are polluted, pricey and congested.Average travel speed in Beijing is half that in New York or Singapore.中国的经济增长和创新依赖于城市，但是又没能利用好其最大的大城市。人口聚集数量在150万到650万的中等规模城市在环境保护、经济发展、资源使用效率和福利供给方面普遍比更大规模的城市表现更好，麦肯锡咨询公司称。居民开始质询他们的生活质量能否继续大幅提高。大城市有污染，物价高，街道拥挤。北京的平均旅游速度只有纽约和新加坡的一半。Most of China’s cities share the legacy of a central-planning mindset in which all life and work was centred on a single “work unit”.Cities were “built as producer centres rather than consumer ones”, says Tom Miller, author of “China’s Urban Billion”.Their planning focus was on industry;not commerce, services or even community.The work units are gone but the tradition of dehumanising architecture persists.Most new developments are built on giant blocks 400-800 metres long.大部分中国城市采用中央规划的固定思维，把所有的生活和工作集中在一个单独的“工作单位”（work unit）.城市“被建成生产者中心而不是消费者中心”，《中国十亿人的城镇化》一书作者汤姆·米勒说。他们的规划焦点是工业而不是商业、服务业，甚至不是社区。尽管工作单位不见了，但是无人性的建筑传统存留了下来。大多数新的开发区都是建立在400到800米长的大街区上。China has swapped its socialist dream for an American-style one of cars and sprawling suburbs.The number of cars has increased more than tenfold in the past decade, to 64m.The combination of superblocks and car-lust often adds up to a giant jam.Large blocks mean fewer roads to disperse traffic.Guidelines require a main urban road every 500 metres and an eight-lane road every kilometre.In the case of Beijing, a ring and radial system was also created, with the aim of providing speedy road acce in and out of town, bypaing city traffic and linking satellite towns.Not a bad idea, except that workplaces have remained concentrated in the centre.The expreways funnel traffic into gridlock.中国已经把她得社会主义梦想换成了一个美国式的汽车和不断蔓延的市郊的梦想。中国的汽车数量在过去十年增长了超十倍之多，达到了6400万辆。交通禁行区和对汽车的强烈欲望经常导致巨大的交通堵塞。大街区意味着更少的道路来疏散交通。《准则》要求每500米一条城市主干道路，每千米一条8车道公路。以北京为例，北京创造了一个环形放射道路系统，目的是提供快速进出市中心的道路，绕开城市交通并连接卫星城。这个主意并不错，只是不应该把工作场所集中在市中心。这样高速公路只会把交通引向严重的交通堵塞。The ill-defined ownership rights of farmers have encouraged the sprawl.Officials can expropriate rural land easily and at little cost.Doing so is far cheaper than redeveloping existing urban areas.Industrial land is heavily subsidised, so factories have remained in urban areas rather than move to cheaper sites on city outskirts.The amount of land claified as urban has more than doubled since 2000—40% of new urbanites became so when cities engulfed their villages.对农民土地产权的模糊定义鼓励了城市蔓延。官员可以以极低的成本轻易征用农业用地。这样做比重新开发现存的城市区域要廉价得多。工业用地受到大力补贴，因此工厂保留在城区而不是转移到市郊外更便宜的地带。2000年来，被定义为城市土地的土地数量增加了两倍多—40%的新城区是因为吞没村庄形成的。
Sprawl has resulted in populations becoming more thinly spread.China’s megacities are le dense than equivalents elsewhere in the world(see chart).Guangzhou could contain another 4m people if it was as packed as Seoul in South Korea;Shenzhen could be larger by 5m.Extending outward takes a toll: slow commutes from far-flung suburbs increase fuel consumption and cut productivity.城市蔓延导致人口分布更加稀疏。中国大城市的人口分布与世界其他地方的大城市比起来则没那么密集。（见表）如果和韩国首尔的人口密度相比较，广州还可容纳另外的400万人；深圳还可容纳500万人。而向外扩展也是有代价的：偏远郊区的慢速通勤提高了燃油消耗且降低了生产力。Maive spending on infrastructure has hugely improved connections within and between cities.Since 1992 China has spent 8.5% of its national income on infrastructure each year, far more than Europe and America(2.6%)or India(3.9%).Yet city residents still complain.Subways are often built as engineering projects, with stops at set distances, rather than where people want them to be, says Sean Chiao of Aecom, an infrastructure firm.Buses, metros and rail networks are poorly integrated because separate agencies manage them.对基础设施的大量开支很大程度改善了城市内外的联系。中国自1992年开始每年在基础设施上投入8.5%的国家收入，远高于欧洲和美国的2.6%，或是印度的3.9%。然而市民仍然持有抱怨。地铁通常是当做工程项目来修建，在设定好的距离而不是在人民需要的地方停工，来自艾奕康建筑公司的乔全生说。公交、地铁、和铁路网因为属于不同的机构管理而融合得很差。
Planners often ignore the needs of 200m or more residents who have no urban hukou, the household registration certificate that is needed for acce to public services.Cities therefore have inadequate hospitals, schools and affordable housing.城市规划者经常忽视2亿甚至更多没有城市户口的居民的需要，这一人群缺少用来获取社会公共服务的户籍证明。城市因此没有足够的医院、学校和付得起的房屋。This year, however, the central government has started to downplay the importance of GDP growth in aeing the performance of local officials.That should free them to spend more money on making cities better places to live, rather than on laying concrete.Some cities now seek to limit car use.Beijing is mulling a congestion zone.To limit pollution and improve traffic flow, eight cities(including all megacities except Chongqing)cap the number of new licence-plates they iue.Several cities ban some drivers one day a week.Metro systems are fast multiplying: Beijing alone opened four new lines with 41 new stops in December.但是，中央政府今年开始淡化GDP增长的重要性来评估地方官员的政绩。这应该能够让他们投入更多的钱在改善城市居住条件上而不是一味地铺设混凝土。一些城市现在寻求限制汽车出行。北京正在酝酿划一个拥堵区。为了限制污染并改善交通流动，8个城市（包括除重庆外的5个大城市）开始限制新发行的牌照数量。有几个城市禁止一些司机在一周的某一天开车出行。地铁系统在迅速扩大：单单北京在12月就新开放了4条新线路和41个停靠站。
More could be done.Parking in city centres remains far too cheap, and laws should be enforced to curb a habit of parking on pavements or traffic islands.Buses could be made to use the central lanes of broad boulevards.Bicycle-use should be encouraged by reintroducing once ubiquitous cycle lanes.可以做的还很多。市中心的停车费仍然很低，应该执法以抑制在人行道和交通岛停车的习惯。公共汽车可以制造成可以使用宽阔的市区林荫大道的中心线路的，再次引入曾经无所不在的自行车道来鼓励自行车的使用。
The World Bank says that, at 54%, China’s degree of urbanisation is still well below the 70% expected of a country with its current income level per person.The flood of migrants will continue;by 2030 Chinese cities will contain more than 1 billion people.A change of thinking will be needed to make them better places to live in.世界银行称，中国现有的54%的城市化水平远低于人均收入水平应对应的70%。来自农村的人口迁移潮还将继续;到2030年，中国的城市将拥有超过10亿人口。到那时就需要思维上的转变来为他们创造更好的居住条件了。From the print edition: China
