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状语从句
一：什么是状语从句？
用一个句子(从句)来作另一个句子(主句)的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。二：状语从句的分类。
1.时间状语从句用法要点。
凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有 when, before, after, until, as soon as, while 等，具体用法如下：
（1）.when 意为“当„„时”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。例如：
I feel very happy when you come to see me.你（们）来看我时，我感到很高兴。
When you are croing the street, you must be careful.你（们）过街道时，一定要小心。when引导的时间状语从句，when的从句可以用延续性动词，也可以用点动词。He was working at the table when I went in.当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping.当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。I will visit my good friend when I have time.当我有空儿时，我将去看望我的好友。I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai.当我在上海时，我为一家外国企业工作。
注：when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动词正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。
I was fishing by the river , when someone called for help.我正在河边钓鱼，就在那时有人求救。
We were working in the chemistry lab, when the lights went out.我们正在化学实验室工作，突然灯都熄灭了。
比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
（2）.before 意为“在„„之前”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。例如：
We cleaned the claroom before we left school yesterday.昨天离开学校之前，我们打扫了教室。
He had been a cook before he went to college.他上大学前曾当过厨师。
after 意为“在„„之后”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。例如：
After you use plastic bags, you mustn't throw them about.你（们）用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。
He called me after he had finished his work.他在工作完之后给我打了个电话。
注：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，例如 1
上面的第二句可改成：He called me after he finished his work.（3）.since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从„„”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。
We have made many dumplings since we began to cook.自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。
We haven't seen each other since we parted.我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
注：常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句译为：自从„„有多长时间了。
It is six years since she graduated from the university.自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。
（4）.until 意为“直到„„时”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。当主句的谓语动词是持续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非持续性动词时，从句常用否定形式, not...until...意为“直到„„才„„”，这时的until可以用before 来替换。例如：
I'll stay here until you come back.我会呆在这里，直到你回来。(stay表示的动作可以持续)
He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.他直到做完作业才睡觉。(go to bed 表示的动作不能持续)
（5）表示“一„就„”的结构
hardly/scarcely„when/before, no sooner„than 和as soon as都可以表示“一„就„”的意思，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。例：
①、I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
②、I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.③、I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.④、As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.（6）.while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与„„同时，在„„期间”，while的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。
They rushed in while we were discuing problems.当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。
Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。
注：while也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。eg.I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。
（7）.till和until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到„„为止”，not „ till / until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到„„才”。前者强调主句动作的结束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用点动词。
比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
---Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1）Not until „在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2)It is not until„ that„
I will wait for my friend until / till he comes.我要一直等到我朋友来。
We won't start our discuion until / till he comes.我们要等到他来了，再开始我们的讨论。
2、地点状语从句用法要点。
常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
We will go wherever the motherland need us most.我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as„so„, as if, as though引导。
1）as,(just)as„so„引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as„so„结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如„”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛„„似的”，“好像„„似的”，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。原因状语从句用法要点。
常用的引导连词有because, as和since。三者的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。
Why did you go?I went because Tom told me to go.你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise.他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。
As it was raining hard, we had to be indoors.由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。
Since you feel ill, you'd better not go to work.既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。比较：because, since, as和for
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.5、目的状语从句用法要点。
常用的引导连词有so that, that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。此外还有lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如，Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes.请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。
I shall write down your addre that I may not forget.我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。
I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time.这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget it.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语
We work harder than usualfinish it in a week.我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完
成工作。结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so„ that 或 such„that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolishsuch a fool
so nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many / few floweruch nice flowers
so much / little money.such rapid progre
so many peoplesuch a lot of people
（so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so„that与such„that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.He is such a young boy that he can't go to school条件状语从句用法要点。
我们主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就(不)会有主句的动作发生。例如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。
If I get there early, I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。连接词主要有 if, unle, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unle = if not.Let's go out for a walk unle you are too tired.If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.A.unleB.untilC.ifD.or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.8让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
典型例题
1）___she is young, she knows quite a lot.A.When B.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Unle
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems„
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)ever if, even though.即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.4)whether„or-不管„„都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)“no matter +疑问词” 或“疑问词+后缀ever”
No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。三：主句与从句时态一致的问题。
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况：
1.若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如：
Be careful when you cro the road.过马路时要小心。
Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask.如果你们有问题要问的话，请举手。The traffic must stop when the lights are red.红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。
2.若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如：She could sing when she was four years old.她四岁的时候就会唱歌。
