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Modern Language Aociation为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。APA格式简介
一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式,特别针对社会科学领域的研究,规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法,以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知,其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说,APA格式指的就是美国心理学会(American Psychological Aociation)出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》,目前已出版至第五版(ISBN 1-55798-791-2),总页数超过400页,而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年,当时只有7页,被刊登在《心理学期刊(Psychological Bulletin)》。
MLA和APA格式
参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Aociation)或者APA(the American Psychological Aociation),一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA,偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。
3.2 参考文献著录的格式
参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册,本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。
3.2.1 著录已出版的文章 一位作者写的文章 MLA:
Stewart, Donald C.“What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40(1989): 188-202.APA:
Roediger, H.L.(1990).Implicit memory: A commentary.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意:(1)在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。(2)在MLA规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。(3)在APA规范里期刊的卷数(即“28”)应用斜体表示。(4)按MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“to”)以外都必须大写。按APA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。
两位作者写的文章 MLA: Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H.Potter.“Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27(1986): 310-21.APA:
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D.L.(1990).Priming and human memory systems.Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章 MLA:
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B.Cohen.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA:
Barringer, H.R., Takeuchi, D.T., & Xenos, P.C.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.无论用MLA 还是APA,第一作者以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字或者名字的首字母,但是从第二作者开始,在MLA规范里以名字开始,继以姓氏,而在APA规范里以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字的首字母。
如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如: MLA:
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA:
Barringer, H.R.et at.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)
MLA:
Kidd, John.“The Scandal of Ulyes.” Rev.of Ulyes: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler.New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.APA:
Falk, J.S.(1990).[Review of Narratives from the crib].Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)
MLA: Glover, David.“The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure.Ed.Derek Longhurst.London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.67-83.APA:
Wilson, S.F.(1990).Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research.In S.Rose(Ed.), Case management: An overview and aement(pp.13-42).White Plains, NY: Longman.注意:(1)“Ed.”代表“编”。(2)在MLA规范中,书的编者的姓和名均用全称,在APA规范里,编者的姓用全称,名用首字母。
杂志中的文章 MLA:
Miller, Mark Crispen.“Maa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept.1981: 29-32.APA:
Gibbs, N.(1989, April 24).How America has run out of time.Time, pp.58-67.注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。
报纸中的文章 MLA:
“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec.1988: 6B.APA:
Freudenheim, M.(1987, December 29).Rehabilitation in head injuries in busine and helath.New York Times, p.D2.百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)MLA: Mohanty, Jitendra M.“Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.15th ed.1987.APA:
Bergmann, P.G.(1993).Relativity.In The new encyclopedia britannica(Vol.26, pp.501-508).Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件(A government publication)MLA:
United States.Natl.Council on Disability.Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.Washington: GPO, 2000.APA:
National Institute of Mental Health.(1990).Clinical training in serious mental illne(DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679).Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍 一位作者写的书籍 MLA:
Graff, Gerald.Profeing Literature: An Institutional History.Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.APA:
Roi, P.H.(1989).Down and out in America: The origins of homelene.Chicago: University of Chicago Pre.注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。
新版书(Book with a new edition)MLA:
Erikson, Erik.Childhood and Society.2nd ed.New York: Norton, 1963.APA:
Kail, R.(1990).Memory development in children(3rd ed.).New York: Freeman.团体作者(Book with a corporate author)写的书籍 MLA:
College Board.College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile.New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.APA:
American Psychiatric Aociation.(1987).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed., rev.).Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍(Book with no author)MLA:
Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher.Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.APA:
Standards for educational and psychological tests.(1985).Washington, DC: American Psychological Aociation.编撰的书籍(Edited book)MLA:
Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J.Lumsden, eds.The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing.Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, 1988.APA:
Campbell, J.P., Campbell, R.J., & Aociates.(Eds.).(1988).Productivity in organizations.San Francisco, CA: Joey-Ba.翻译的书籍(Translated book)MLA:
Lacan, Jacques.Ecrits: A Selection.Trans.Alan Sheridan.New York: Norton, 1977.APA:
Michotte, A.E.(1963).The perception of causality(T.R.Miles & E.Miles, Trans.).London: Methuen.(Original work published 1946)
注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。
重版书(Republished book)MLA:
Hurston, Zora Neale.Their Eyes Were Watching God.1937.