小学名词教学_小学词语教学

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名词

一、名词的定义

名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、名词的作用(在句子中担任的成分)

1.名词在句子中可当主语及主语同位语和主语补语;宾语及宾语的同位语和宾语补语.Mark Twain wrote many novels.马克吐温写过许多小说.(Mark Twain当主语.)He did not catch the train.他没有赶上火车.(the train当宾语.)He was made monitor.他被选为班长.(monitor当主语补语.)Mr.Lin,ourbo,is easy to get on with.我们的老板林先生容易相处.(our bo当主语的同位语.)We chose John captain.我们选约翰当队长.(captain当宾语补语.)We like Mi Huang,our new teacher.我们喜欢我们的新老师黄小姐.(our new teacher当宾语的同位语.)2.名词可当形容词,修饰后面的名词.I met her at the bus stop.我在车站遇见了她.(bus当形容词,修饰名词stop.)3.名词可当副词,修饰动词或句子.I went to the zoo last Sunday.我上星期天去了动物园.(last Sunday当副词,修饰句子.)

三、名词的分类

(一)名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 专有名词:表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。如Tom,China 普通名词:分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。

(二)名词的数

1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

(1)可数名词(Countable Nouns): 一般来说个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

例如: a book, two books, a student, three students, a family, many families。名词单数变复数变化规律如下:

◆词尾直接加s如:cat—cats bag—bags day—days

◆以s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词加es如:cla—claes,match—matches,box—boxes, dish—dishes, bus—buses, peach—peaches.◆以辅音加y结尾的词变y为i加es.元音加y 结尾的词直接加s, 如: party----parties

city----cities

story----stories

family---families baby---babies boy----toys

monkey-----monkeys

key----keys等.◆以f或fe结尾的词, 变f或fe为v, 加es, 如: wife----wives, half----halves, shelf—shelves, knife---knives, life---lives, leaf---leaves.注意特殊情况直接加“s”,要逐个记 chiefs, handkerchiefs , roofs.◆以辅音加 o 结尾的词常加es, 如: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes.元音加o结尾直接加s.如:radios, zoos, pianos, roof 特殊情况: photos ◆名词单数变复数特殊变化也要逐个记得如: man-men, woman-women, tooth---teeth, goose---geese, foot---feet, child--children, mouse-mice, ox—oxen.(注意:以下单复同形:deer, sheep, species, means, Chinese, Japanese)

(2)不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)

不可数名词不能用数字计算包括物质名词(air, water等)及抽象名词(advice, hate)等。所以它通常只有单数形式。如:English, air, water, cotton, work„

不可数名词表示数量时,可以用量词来表达(量词有复数形式)其结构是数词+量词+OF+名词。如:a bottle of water, two cups of tea, three pieces of paper

不可数名词的类别:

●食物:food ,salt, bread, rice, beef, meat, pork, butter(黄油),cream.●液体:water, juice, milk, coffee, tea, coke, oil, wine.●表示自然现象:snow, ice ,rain, air.●其他类:money, news ,homework, housework, advice(意见),information(信息,资料)time, work , room(空间), music, weather ,space, sand, furniture(家具)

注意:下列词语在不同含义下词性的不同。chicken

鸡肉(不可数名词)鸡(可数名词)fish

鱼肉(不可数名词)鱼的种类(可数名词)room

空间(不可数名词)房间(可数名词)gla

玻璃(不可数名词)杯子(可数名词)paper

纸张(不可数名词)试卷(可数名词)experience 经验(不可数名词)经历(可数名词)注意事项:

1.不可数名词没有复数变化,不能用a,an,但可用the,或不用冠词,如:bread is the usual breakfast.2.虽然不可数名词没有复数变化,但量词超过一时要加复数。如:three cups of coffee, five bottles of water

3.有量词修饰时注意名词是否可数,不可数时用单数,可数时用复数,如:ten bags of rice----ten baskets of egg

跟踪练习

1.找出下列笑话中的可数名词,并写出其复数形式、In the market, a buyer asked a seller “How much is this cat, please?”“100 dollars.”“But you only asked for 20 dollars yesterday!”“Yes, that’s true.But this cat ate a bird last night and the bird was worth 80 dollars!”

2.找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式

homework_________half ________ advice _________ money _________ knowledge _________ boot __________ blood __________ music _________ chicken __________heat _________ mouth _________ bread __________ information ____________milk ________cow __________tear ___________

3.翻译下面的短语 1.一些苹果汁_____________ 2.一些牛奶____________3.一些绵羊____________ 4.一些新闻___________ 5.一些好主意_____________ 6.一些牙刷_____________ 7.一些家庭作业________________8.一些纸_________________ 9.一些玻璃_______________ 10.一些牛肉_____________ 11.一些音乐________________ 12.一些报纸______________________

四、名词所有格

1.在英语中,有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。大多数表示有生命的东西。但是表示时间的名词特殊hour minute, second

e.g.Tom’s book

My mother’s bookhours’ time 2.如果复数名词末尾已有s,就直接加’ e.g.the teachers’office

3.如果一些物品为两者共有,只需在后一个名词后加’s ;如果为各自所有,则需在每个名词后加’s

e.g.Lucy and Lily’s bedroom.(Lucy 和 Lily共用一个卧室)

Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms.(Lucy 和 Lily分别拥有各自的卧室)4.表示无生命的物体的名词所有格,一般与of短语连用。e.g.a map of the world,a photo of my family

5.双重所有格:把of所有格和’s所有格结合在一起表示所有关系。e.g.a friend of my father’s

跟踪练习

一选择题

1.----How’s Joy’s skirt?----Her skirt is more beautiful than ________.A.her sister’s and Kate

B.her sister and Kate

C.her sister and Kate’s

D.her sister’s and Kate’s 2.This is _______ room.The twin sisters like it very much.A.Lucy’s and Lily’s B.Lucy’s and Lily C.Lucy and Lily’s

3.It’s about __________walk from my home.A.ten minute

B.ten minutes’

C.ten minute’s

D.ten minutes 4.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a ________ to his office.A.20 minutes walk B.20 minute’s walk C.20-minutes walk D.20-minute walk 5.__________ mothers made them have piano leons.A.Peter and Anne B.Peter’s and Anne’s C.Peter’s and Anne D.Peter and Anne’s 6.The room on the right is ________.A.her

B.she

C.Lucy’s

D.Lucy

7.We’ll have a ____________ holiday.What about going to the West Lake?

A.two days

B.two-day

C.two-days

D.two-days’

8.The market isn’t far from here.It’s only ___________ bicycle ride.A.half an hours’ B.half an hour’s C.half an hour D.an hour and a half 9.Where’s your father ? At _________.A.Mr Green’s B.Mr.Green

C.the Mr.Green’s

10.The twin brothers always put small presents in ___________stockings on Christmas Day.A.each other’s

B.each other

C.each others

D.each others’ 二填空

1.__________________________(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.2.This is __________________________________(我妹妹的语文书)3.__________________________________(双胞胎的卧室)are very nice.4.______________________________(王平和王明的父亲)is a hotel manager.5.Is this ___________________________________(你的好朋友的钢笔)? 6.They are ___________________________________(Peter 和Sam的老师).7.___________________________(教师节)is on September 10th.8.___________________________________(学生们的桌椅)are very new.9.We are very happy on ____________________________________(儿童节).10.He is in _________________________________(老师的办公室)no

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