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Term Paper for Selected Readings in British Literature
Title: John Milton
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JohnMilton
1.Introduction of John Milton and his workJohn Milton was a writer who had high accomplishment in 17 century in British.He was a Puritan by his farther's influence.His opus were mostly advocate humanistic education.His famous opus was Paradise lost.When he was studied in 剑桥 he said,He would be created a great poem ,It It should not be commonly coarse love poet or river lake top prose the generation,In JiuHanErRe over written boastful talk disorderly language.After he finished his paradise lost, his artistic career reached the peak.Paradise Lostis the greatest work of one of the most acclaimed poets in English literature.It has had a profound influence on Western culture, and has attracted a vast amount of critical commentary of every sort.First published in 1968, Alastair Fowler's annotated edition of Paradise Lost is acknowledged as the most authoritative guide to this major work, and to the critical analysis that it has prompted.This important new edition maintains the detailed annotation that has for many years provided an interesting and comprehensive explanation to this difficult but compelling poem, making it acceible both to the student and the general reader.It is the only recent edition of Paradise Lost to be based on the text of the first(1667)edition, now widely accepted to be closer to Milton's intention than that of 1674.The revised introduction describes the poem and its remarkable critical reception, surveying the nine thousand or so critical contributions devoted to it, not least during the last thirty years.Besides providing gloes and illustrations of sources and analogues, the notes refer to extra-literary contexts, religious, political and scientific, and aim in particular to explain Milton's imaginary astronomy more fully than any other edition has attempted.The notes also provide an unusual amount of critical commentary, in such a way as to engage with current thought about the poem.They aimilate or reject much criticism of Paradise Lost, giving guidance on the current iues, and what sorts of aumptions and interpretations need to be made by an informed reader.2.John and Paradise Lost
John Milton was lived in 17 century,so I was introduced the background of 17 centuries.The Renaiance movement is 14-17 century Europe happen Greek, Roman claical cultural and academic complexXing sports, is Europe from which the century to modern capitalist society with the transition of bourgeois ideology and culture Movement, is the human civilization last great change.“Renaiance”(Renaiance)original intention is “renewable”, it refers to the Greek and Roman cultureRegeneration.In fact the “Renaiance movement” contains far for the rich content.Capitalist production hair exhibition of Italy, is the birthplace of the Renaiance movement.1034 century, Italian though not unified,But commercial, industrial and commercial and banking industry developed accounted for European first.The rising bourgeoisie produce new world outlook, the outlook on life and they need to build different from the feudal culture of the new culture.Greek, Roman wen turn of discovery and research provides a thought influence.Italy is supposed to Roman claical culture the birthplace of Italy, Roman culture is the culture of the people.The late medieval established secular school,Latin poet's work become the main part of Italy humanize upbringing, and “the Byzantine perish when robbed rescued the manuscripts, the Roman ruins of ancient statue, excavated in the western front display.Surprised a new worldin 1485)war just ended.By the red rose signet Lancaster Family finally overcome the white rose to mark the Yorkshire family, Henry vii crowned, started the tudors rule.After 30 years of repeated struggles, hereditaries basically been destroyed.The tudors side built set despotism, consolidate the monarchy, side protection, industrial and commercial and execute overseas plundering rewards.Henry viii don't let flexor fell on the Roman Catholic forces, borrow Roman church not approve his divorce machine, launch religious reform,confiscated and betray church land, by the heads of state and for the church leaders.The tudors policy accords with the bourgeoisie interests.They in the feudal monarchy protection under the development of its own power quantity, capitalist industrial rapid development, including hair industry as Britain's ”national industry“, stimulated sheep industry development, to the fence circle cultivated land for ranch ”enclosure movement“, will the whole village farmers driving home.A series of bloody decrees and government will go bankrupt peasants forced to sell cheap labor, workshop to become ”wage slave “.British dependent prosperous developed industry, economic strength, use in the Atlantic route center is superior status, actively carry out foreign trade and sea plundered.In overseas expansion, the British colonial defeated veteran Socialist countries Spain's ”Armada“, established the seas.British exclamation in Elizabeth female during the reign of 1558-1603)reach(unprecedented strong.Elizabeth, and a time when the Renaiance the boom period of literature.English Renaiance literature underwent three stages.The first stage is the late 15th century to 16 Century.Early humanists Thomas ・ Moore, secco column special and lattice rosing, ground grams, etc called ”Oxford reformist“, they teach at Oxford University, Latin and Greek ”new“, preaching sow claical culture and from Italy, France's new knowledge, new thoughts, Oxford University in the early 16th century into for English claical cultural center.The second phase, namely ”Elizabethan era“, in British culture brilliant developed celebrated.From 16 late 1800s to early 17th century, especially in the last 20 years, the literary creation is very prosperous.Poetry from the early wei attersee, SaLei, via sid devasigamani, spencer, development to Shakespeare, this ・ jonson.The third period from Shakespeare died by the 17th century early 40's, Renaiance literature go to decline.He lived in such a big background, is also such big background make a succeful artist,John Milton.John Milton was born on December 9, 1608, in London, as the second child of John and Sara(neé Jeffrey).The family lived on Bread Street in Cheapside, near St.Paul's Cathedral.John Milton Sr.worked as a scrivener, a legal secretary whose duties included preparation and notarization of documents , as well as real estate transactions and moneylending.Milton's father was also a composer of church music, and Milton himself experienced a lifelong delight in music.The family's financial prosperity afforded Milton to be taught claical languages, first by private tutors at home, followed by entrance to St.Paul's School at age twelve, in 1620.In 1625, Milton was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge.While Milton was a hardworking student, he was also argumentative to the extent that only a year later, in 1626, he got suspended after a dispute with his tutor, William Chappell.During his
temporary return to London, Milton attended plays, and perhaps began his first forays into poetry.At his return to Cambridge, Milton was aigned a new tutor, Nathaniel Tovey.Life at Cambridge was still not easy on Milton;he felt he was disliked by many of his fellow students and he was diatisfied with the curriculum.It was at Cambridge that he composed ”On the Morning of Christ's Nativity“ on December 25, 1629.In 1632, Milton took his M.A.cum laude at Cambridge, after which he retired to the family homes in London and Horton, Buckinghamshire, for years of private study and literary composition.1His poem, was published in the same year in the Second Folio.From this period hail also his ”L'Allegro“ and ”Il Penseroso.“Milton's Comus, a masque, was performed at Ludlow Castle in 1634, to be first published anonymously in 1637, music by the famed court composer and was buried at Horton.Only a few months later, in August, Milton's friend Edward King died as well, by drowning.In November, upon his memory, Milton composed the beautiful elegy, Lycidas.It was published in a memorial volume at Cambridge in 1638.As customary for young gentlemen of means, Milton set out for a tour of Europe in the spring of 1638.He met famed scholar Hugo Grotius in Paris, where he stayed briefly before continuing on to Italy.Milton arrived in Florence in the autumn, where he probably met with Galileo, who was then under house arrest by order of the Inquisition.In Rome, he was a guest of Cardinal Barberini, the Pope's nephew, and visited the Vatican Library.In Naples, Milton met Giovanni Batista, biographer of Torquato Tao.Milton wrote mansus in his honor.Upon reaching Geneva to visit with Calvinist theologian Giovanni Diodati, Milton found out about the death of his childhood friend, Charles Diodati in London.Milton's tour of Europe was cut short with rumors of impending civil war in England, and he returned home in July 1639.Shortly after, Milton composed Epitaphium Damonis, a Latin poem to the memory of his dearest friend.Milton settled down in London, where he began schooling his two nephews, later also taking in children of the better families.The Civil War was brewing —Parliament was convened in 1640.Milton began writing pamphlets on political and religious matters;Of Reformation, Animadversions, and Of Prelatical Episcopacy were published in 1641, The Reason for Church Government in February, 1642.In the spring of 1642, Milton married Mary Powell, 17 years old to his 34, but the relationship was an unhappy one, and Mary left him to visit the family home briefly thereafter, and did not return.Matters were not improved when the Powells declared for the King in the Civil War which broke out in August.This prompted Milton to write his so-called 'Divorce Tracts' speaking for divorce on the grounds of incompatibility.In 1643, Milton published the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, which had its second, longer edition in early 1644.In 1644, Milton also published The Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce.The 'Divorce Tracts' caused an uproar both in parliament and amidst the clergy, as well as with the general populace, which earned him the nickname ”Milton the Divorcer.“2It is in reference to the attempted censorship of the same by the Stationers' Company, that Milton published his eloquent Areopagitica, an oration advocating freedom of the pre, in late 1644.3 Milton had also had time to write a treatise Of Education, which prescribed a rigorous course of study for English youth.In 1645, Milton published Tetrachordon and Colasterion, and registered Poems of Mr.John Milton, Both English and Latin.Milton had made plans to remarry, when Mary Powell returned.The two seem to have reconciled, since their daughter Anne was born in 1646.The whole Powell clan moved in with the Miltons, because Royalists had been ousted from Oxford.The
situation was not savory.The year 1647 saw the death of both Milton's father and his father-in-law.The Powells eventually moved out and the Miltons moved to the neighborhood of High Holborn, where their daughter Mary was born in 1648.It is probable that Milton witneed the public execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649.4Tenure of Kings and Magistrates was published two weeks later.In March, the Cromwellian government appointed Milton Secretary for Foreign Tongues and ordered him to write an answer to Charles I's purported Eikon Basilike(”Royal Image“).After publishing Observations on the Articles of Peace, Milton published Eikonoklastes(”Image Breaker“)in October, 1649.In 1650, the Council of State ordered Milton to write a response to Salmasius' Defensio Regia — the Continental outcry against the English action(”Defense of Kingship“).Defensio pro populo Anglicano was published in February, 1651.Milton's first son, John, was born in March and the Miltons moved to westminster.The year 1652 was one of many personal loes for Milton.In February, Milton lost his sight.This prompted him to write the sonnet ”When I Consider How My Light is Spent.“In May, 1652, Mary gave birth to a daughter, Deborah, and died a few days later.In June, one year-old John died.In 1654, Milton published Defensio Secunda, the response he had been ordered to write for Pierre du Moulin's Regii sanguinis clamor(”Clamor of the King's Blood“).Andrew Marvell had become his aistant, and he had aides to take dictation, to facilitate the carrying out of his duties as Secretary.In 1655, Defensio Pro Se(”Defense of Himself“)was published.In 1656, Milton married Katherine Woodcock, but the happine was short-lived.Milton's daughter Katherine was born in late 1657, but by early 1658, both mother and daughter had paed away.It is to the memory of Katherine Woodcock that Milton wrote the sonnet ”Methought I saw my late espousèd saint.“Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell died in October, 1658, and the days of the Commonwealth were coming to a close.In early 1659, Milton published A Treatise of Civil Power and Ready and Easy Way To Establish a Free Commonwealth.For his propaganda writings, Milton had to go into hiding, for fear of retribution from the Defensio pro populo Anglicano and Eikonoklastes were publicly burned.In early autumn, Milton was arrested and thrown in prison, to be released by order of Parliament before Christmas.King Charles II was restored to the throne on May 30, 1660.In 1663, Milton remarried again, to Elizabeth Minshull, a match his daughters opposed.He spent his time tutoring students and finishing his life's work, the epic, Paradise Lost.Among the greatest works ever to be written in English, the feat is all the more remarkable for Milton's blindne — he would compose verse upon verse at night in his head and then dictate them from memory to his aides in the morning.Paradise Lost finally saw publication in 1667, in ten books.It was reiued in 1668 with a new title-page and additional materials.The book was met with instant succe and amazement;even Dryden is reported to have said, ”This man cuts us all out, and the ancients too.“5History of Britainwas published in 1670;Paradise Regain'd and Samson Agonistes were published together in 1671.Of True Religion and Poems, &c.upon Several Occasions were published in 1673.In summer 1674, the second edition of Paradise Lost was published, in twelve books.Milton died peacefully of gout in November, 1674, and was in the church of St.Giles, Cripplegate.His funeral was attended by ”his learned and great Friends in London, not without a friendly concourse of the Vulgar.“6A monument to Milton rests in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey.In all of his works, paradise lost, leaving me the impreion.This is the works, let him toward life peak,let him finish the historical milestones, let him become let the world the great poet praise.The story is separated into twelve books, broken down shortly after initial publication, following the model of the of The books' lengths vary;longest being Book IX, with 1,189 lines, and the shortest Book VII, having 640.In the second edition, each book was preceded by a summary titled ”The Argument“.The poem follows the epic tradition of starting(Latin for in the midst of things), the background story being told in Books V-VI.The story of Satan follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare.It begins after is also called in the poem, In Satan employs his rhetorical to poison the newly created He braves the dangers of the alone in a The story of Adam and Eve's temptation and fall is a fundamentally different, new kind of epic: a domestic one.Adam and Eve are presented for the first time in Christian literature as having a full relationship while still without They have paions and distinct personalities.Satan succefully tempts Eve by preying on her vanity and tricking her with and Adam, seeing Eve has sinned, knowingly commits the same sin.He declares to Eve that since she was made from his flesh, they are bound to one another so that if she dies, he must also die.In this manner Milton portrays figure, but also as a deeper sinner than Eve, as he is aware that what he is doing is wrong.After eating the fruit, Adam and Eve have lustful sex, and at first, Adam is convinced that Eve was right in thinking that eating the fruit would be beneficial.However, they soon fall asleep, having terrible nightmares, and after they awake, they experience and for the first time.Realizing that they have committed a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination.3.Conclusion
However, Eve's pleas to Adam reconcile them somewhat.Her encouragement enables Adam and Eve both to approach God, to ”bow and sue for grace with suppliant knee,“ and to receive grace from God.Adam goes on a vision journey with an angel where he witnees the errors of man and the is saddened by the sin that they have released through consumption of the fruit.However, he is also shown hope—the poibility of redemption—through a vision of Jesus Christ.They are then cast out of Eden and the archangel Michael says that Adam may find ”A paradise within thee, happier far." They now have a more distant relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible(unlike the previous, tangible, Father in the
