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名词解释
Heroic Couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.1．Renaiance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the claical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet:14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse:poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.4．Neoclaicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclaicism.5．Sentimentalism:it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century.It concentrated on the free expreion of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, paion over reason.6．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets:the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.8．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism:seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner.This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism:an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousne:it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author.It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue:a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter:a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstreed syllable followed by a streed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy:a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual;may also be a lament over the paing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death;a type of lyric poem.16．Canto:a section of a long poem.The cantos can be a great poem
17．Ode:a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects.Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine.Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc.This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet.The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史
中古时期
1.《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people;Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements
2.《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》
3.杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry;The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)
文艺复兴时期
1.:-the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.the first English Eayist;Eays《随笔集》-Of Studies, Of Truth(philosophical and literary works)
3.first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.:Poet's poet;The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)
5.:
Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)
17世纪英国文学
1.:the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》
2.Paradise Lost《失乐园》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《复乐园》（how Christ overcame Santa)——stories were taken from Bible
3.the son of Renaiance;Pilgrim's Progre《天路历程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)
18世纪英国文学
Novel：
1.the age of reason, claicism, sentimentalism and romanticism(novels, prose, dramas, poetry)
2.:representative of English realistic novel;(the development of a young man from a naive and artle youth to a clever and hardened man)
3.(fictional, satirical-human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)
4.:the Father of English novel;The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆 琼斯》，satiric
Poetry：
5.:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
6.:perfected in heroic couplet;An Eay on Criticism《论批评》
7.:pre-romantic;Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》-London, The Tiger
8.:A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
Drama:
9.:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
浪漫主义时期1798-1832
1.《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart
2.the first critic of the Romantic school;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》
3.:vigorous, strong and beautiful;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty);Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life);When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》
4.Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连;Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppreion)
5.sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
6.:Father of Historical Novel;combine historical fact and romantic imagination
7.wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic;Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》
8.《穷亲戚》;Dream-children《童年梦幻》;A Reverie《幻想曲》
维多利亚时期
1.summit： realistic novel
2.critical realist writer;humour, wit, happy endings;A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppreion, there is revolution);David Copperfield《大卫 科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》； Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》
3.: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time;to criticize the values measured by wealth)
4.:novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights;Adam Bede《亚当 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Flo《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》
5.: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850;Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Croing the Bar《过沙洲》
6.: dramatic monologues;My Last Duche《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。《呼啸山庄》：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂，外出致富，回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。
: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》
20世纪英国文学
1.: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;Te of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
2.: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》
3.《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duche);The Apple Cart《苹果车》
4.: aestheticism;The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的画像》
5.《儿子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》
6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of-consciousne;feminist;To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》
7.《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousne, a modern prose epic);Dubliners《都柏林人》
