土木工程专业英语讲稿Leon_2 Building and Architecture由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“土木工程专业英语全部”。
Leon 2 Building and Architecture
建筑物和建筑学
Building
The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities．
建筑物的作用就是为人类活动提供一个庇护场所。
From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements．
从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有个躲风避雨的地方。
In a more general sense, the art of building encompaes all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs．
从更一般的意义上讲，建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需求而控制环境并改造环境的所有努力。
This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges．
除了建筑物，这门艺术还包括所有的土工结构，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁等。
The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical．
对于作为庇护用的建筑和作为其他用途的土工结构，其设计的科学依据都是相同的。
It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths．
只是由于现代社会的特殊需求，这两个领域才沿着不同的方向发展。
In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder．
同样，和作为躲避用的建筑相关的建筑大师就不再是一个个体；相反，他的工作是由多个专家（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成的团队来完成的。
The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team．
一座现代化建筑的完成要依靠团队的集体智慧。
The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors．
建筑物的形式是其功能、环境和各种社会经济因素的产物。
An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill．
一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在形式上各有不同，因为它们要完成的功能不同。
In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building．
公寓内每处居所，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来的阳光，而浴室和厨房则可以用人工照明，因此可以布置在建筑内部。
This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building．
这些要求自然就限制了公寓的进深。
In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light．
相反，办公楼为了亮度统一都使用人工照明，因此其进深就不受有无阳光的约束。
Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building．
环境可能影响到建筑的形状和外观。
An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function．
城里的学校用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开，以创造一个自己的环境；乡村学校则可与周边景致统一来发展-------即使这两地的学校的功能是相同的。
A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings．
一幢豪装的办公大楼采用的形式所花的预算将比其他办公楼要多得多。
The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.建筑物大小和轮廓可能为区划所限制。
In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms．
在上述例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物却采用不同的形式。
Architecture
Architecture is the art of building．
建筑学是建筑的艺术。
Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.实质上建筑学是与供人使用的围合空间有关的科学。
The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an aembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within．
任何建筑物内（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）人类所进行的具体活动界定了建筑内部某些空间的大小和形状。
These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other．
这些空间的彼此间存在着合理的关系。
Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic．
另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）要求楼内设有走廊、楼梯或电梯（轿厢大小与设计负载有关）。
The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building．
建筑师首先要考虑的是建筑规划，它综合考量了建筑空间、功能以体现建筑物的用途。
Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and imprees him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．
规划地好可以使人们在建筑内部按图索骥，使得大厦内各部分一目了然，且不知不觉给他们留下良好印象。
Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion． 相反，规划较差将造成不便、浪费和视觉混乱。
Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the mate edifice materials chosen may allow．
此外，建筑施工必须保证质量良好且使用年限较长，这即要考虑设计意图，也要考虑材料的选择。
The raw materials of architecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，or gla—in part govern the forms of the building and are expreed by them．
建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）在某种程度上决定着建筑物的形式，并形成效果表达（即建筑表现）。Stone
Stone can resist compreion，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely．
石材几乎可以无限地承受压力。
While it is poible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compreive strength is unlimited．
即使在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是无限大。
On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart．
然而其抗拉性能却极差。
Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension．
横跨空间的支撑梁都会出现下弯情形，从而使梁的下半部处于受拉状态。
It follows from the tensile weakne of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals．
由于石材抗拉性能差，因此石材梁跨度小且支点多。
Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide．
还有，石柱必须粗而短，其高度很少超过宽度的十倍。
In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic．
在石材建筑中，门、窗以及支柱间的空间，其高度不得不超过宽度，从而形成具有石头建筑美学的狭长矩形。
Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period．
石料在西方建筑中占有很大比例，以至于在木建筑中它的形式都得以保留下来，例如在美国乔治王朝时期。
Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the strees are predominantly compreive．
在这个时期，石料主要用于支撑楼板和屋顶的墙、与密排柱一起施工的柱和过梁及拱梁。Wood and Steel
Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compreion.木材是一种坚韧的材料，既可抗拉也可抗压。
Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced．
木梁比起石梁要相对长些；木柱比较细，且间距大。
A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture．
利用木材的天然特性做成的矩形框架其宽度大于高度，这在日本建筑中有所体现。
Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compreive strength．
钢材的抗拉强度并不小于其抗压强度。
Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor．
观察正在施工的钢结构建筑时，人们一定注意到由每根矗立于地面的细长而间距大的柱子和长梁形成的矩形网格结构。
The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be neceary．
木材和钢材的性能适于做框架（一种支撑楼面和楼板的结构），当然还需要其他材料。
Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support．
木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，它可向外伸出更远。
Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man．
最后，建筑艺术不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需求。
The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute．
建筑物的各个部分应当形成建筑美学的统一。
Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole．
这样，结构的侧面和后部就应和正面表现出充分的一致，从而使它们在建筑整体中互相关联。
The major internal divisions，too，require some expreion in the external design．The nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside．
室内主要部分要表现于外部设计上。例如，哥特式大教堂的正厅、侧廊、耳室和四周的小礼拜堂都从外部可见。这样，游客对其内部所见就会有所预期。
Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth．
建筑要求比例恰当，虚与实、长宽高关系要令人愉悦。
Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section．
人们作了种种尝试才通过数学公式（如黄金分割）阐明这种良好的比例关系。
These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension(for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column)throughout the design．Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave．
虽然整个设计中通过重复某种模数（如以柱子半径为模数）获得了良好的效果，但付出却未能得到普遍认可。然而，总有一天，这些研究对于人们渴望见到的效果会有帮助。
A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size．
建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度效应”，也即，建筑物必须在视觉效果上表达其实际尺寸。
Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings．
诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等物件，尽管其尺寸稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人的空间感是息息相关的。
They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice．
不知不觉地，这些物件就成为评判整个大厦规模的度量单位。
Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed．
由于这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此需要有中等尺寸的其他物件。
Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure．
楼梯和栏杆暗示了出入口的高矮；出入口又暗示了柱廊的大小；柱廊最后又暗示了整个结构物的尺寸。
The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale．The absence of small elements in St．Peter’s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastne．
凡尔赛的小特例安农宫殿就是一个符合尺度要求的完美例子。罗马的圣·彼得大教堂由于没有小物件，因而它的宏大程度很难被人们意识到。Decoration
Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.虽然在某些现代建筑中极少使用装饰装修，但过去却使用较多，这或是由于其天然的美感，或是为了强调建筑物某一部分的重要性。
Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expreion of the purpose of the building.装饰装修可用来表达建筑物的特征，即成为其用途的视觉表现形式。
Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.因此，银行看起来就像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。
Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography．
最理想的是任何建筑物都应当各得其所，和相邻建筑物以及当地的地理情况保持某种关系。
Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials，proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expreions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them．The succeive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times．
通过相应的建筑形式（这些形式由其功能构成，由材料确定，或由设计者确定比例和给定尺寸及特征），建筑展示了建造它们的那代人的理想和抱负。有历史意义的建筑所延续的风格就是那个时代的精神化身。
