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as we are now in a global economy with ever-increasing competition,the need for world-cla performance cannot be ignored.this need implies,among other things,the continued emergence of world-claquslity,information
systems,ergonomics,and manufacturing systems.it also means that more firms are likely to invest in such ares to reach their strategic objectives.of course,this brings us to a very specific topic,project justification.我们现在在全球经济中日益增加的竞争，需要世界级的性能不能被忽略.这需要意味着，除其他外，继续出现世界一流的质量，信息系统，人机工程学，制造系统.它也意味着更多的企业可能会投资于战神达成战略目标.当然，这给我们带来一个特定的主题，项目的理由。
it may seem trivial to state that an industrial project must be evaluated in order to justify it.however,the kinds of projectsthat are needed today to survive in our competitive environment are quite different from their counterparts 20 or 30 years ago.they differ in terms of their technological content and in terms of their strategic implications for the firm.whereas yesterday we were dealing with single machine replacement problems, we are now confronted with overall systems, programs, and procees.一个工业项目，必须进行评估，以证明它，它可能看起来微不足道的状态。然而，projectsthat的各种需要，今天在我们的竞争环境中生存是相当不同的同行20年或30年前。他们不同，其技术含量方面，他们为公司的战略意义。而昨天，我们单台机器更换问题打交道，我们现在面临着整体的系统，程序和流程。
the consequence of such complexity is that the traditional investment justification proce fails to measure the proper value of projects such as computer-integrated manufacturing systems, information systems, and even ergonomics projects.it is well known thatsuch a failure may result in wrong decisions.poor investment justification procees may lead to poor decision making with respect to today's projects: good projects might be rejected,and bad ones might be accepted.this seems to be the fate of several new technologies(including industrial ergonomics)that are not implemented because their prospective return is not satisfactory.among the causes of such poor rating is the inability to properly estimate the benefits and costs of today's proposal.如此复杂的后果是，传统的投资理由进程失败来衡量，如计算机集成制造系统，信息系统，甚至人体工程学项目的项目应有的价值。这是众所周知的，这样的故障可能会导致错误的决策。穷人的投资理由进程可能会导致穷人的决策：今天的项目好的项目可能会被拒绝的决定，并接受坏的可能。这似乎是不落实的几项新技术（包括工业工效）的命运，因为他们的预期收益不理想。在这种恶劣的评级的原因是无法正确估计今天的建议的好处和成本。
as a result, management must resort to the “leap of faith” approach to justify new systems that are intuitively sound from a strategic point of view but that are not convincing economically.from such considerations it may seem that firms don't have any other choices other than to spent their capital, whatever the cost, and go ahead with implementing the resulting changs that come with these projects.such a strategy would be dangerous.因此，管理层必须诉诸“信仰的飞跃”的方式来证明新系统，直观的声音从战略的角度来看，是没有说服力的经济。从这样的考虑，它可能看起来公司做没有任何其他选择来度过他们的资本以外，不惜一切代价，造成张家来，随着这些项目的实施提前。这样的战略将是危险的的。
if it is true that firms that do not invest in strategic projects due to poor investment analyses may be in a serious predicament in the future, it also would be risky for them to systematically go ahead with such projects when their rate of return is not acceptable.it may also be true that under certain conditions strategic projects may not be the right thing to do.after all, investments such as information technology or computer-integrated manufacturing systems are only as good as their contributions to the overall strategy of the firm.如果这是真的，不投资，由于投资分析差的战略性项目的公司可能会在今后一个严重的困境，也将他们系统等项目提前当他们的回报率是不能接受的风险。它也可能是真实的，在一定条件下的战略的项目未必是正确的事情。毕竟，如信息技术或计算机集成制造系统的投资只作为公司的整体战略的贡献。
engineeringeconomics
工程经济学
the role of engineeringeconomics is to correctly ae the appropriatene of a given project, estimate its value, and justify it from an economic standpoint.if projects are not acceptable, then the evaluation proce that has been used to reach this conclusion should also explain their poor returns.that same proce should also indicate ways to improve the investment proposal to make it more attractive to management.工程经济学的作用，正确评估某一项目是否恰当，估计其价值，并证明它从经济的角度来看。如果项目是不能接受的，那么，评估过程中已得出这一结论也应该解释他们的低回报。相同的过程也应说明改善投资建议，使其更具吸引力，管理的方式。
engineeringeconomy has been part of engineers' training(and of IE curricula, of course)for a long time.historically, it was used for projects that had only operational implications for the firm.however, as noted above, today's projects may have strategic implication as well.as a consequence, engineeringeconomy is likely to be important for both engineers and management.工程经济已工程师培训的一部分（IE的课程，当然），很长一段时间。从历史上看，它是用于项目，只为公司的业务活动的影响。然而，如上所述，以及今天的项目可能具有战略意义。因此，工程经济可能是工程师和管理的重要。
however, engineeringeconomy can not do it alone.it must be part of a prece that includes not only engineers but management accountants;marking, quality, and health and safety specialists;and others within the firm.such a proce should foster interdisciplinary thinking, not unlike parallel or concurrent engineering used in product design.然而，工程经济不能做到这一点的孤独。它必须是一个进动的一部分，它不仅包括工程师，但管理会计师;标识，质量，以及健康和安全专家，和其他人在公司内。这样一个过程，促进跨学科的思维，而不是不像在产品设计上采用并行或并行工程。
at this point it is certainly worthwhile to emphasize the role ofIEs in this proce.as
industrial engineers are trained in both technology and engineering economy, they are able to bridge the gap between mechanical,electrical, and computer engineering and ergonomics, on the one hand, and management accounting on the other.highly qualified engineers designing equipment for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)or information systems, while awere of the technology with which they are dealing, are not necearily trained to translate technological characteristics into economic and strategic terms.在这一点上，它肯定是值得强调的IE的在这个过程中的作用。作为工业的工程师们在技术和工程经济训练，他们能够弥补的机械，电气，和计算机工程和人体工程学之间的差距，一方面，和其他管理会计。高素质的工程师设计的柔性制造系统（FMS）或信息系统的设备，而他们正在处理的技术与阿韦雷，不一定是培训转化成经济和战略方面的技术特点。
at the other end of the spectrum, management accountants may be well aware of the busine needs, strategic aims, and their organization's financial position, but cannot understand the capabilities of new technologies.not surprisingly, communication barriers occer.industrial engineering's main contribution to the economy comes into the picture.the background of IEs in engineering economy provides them with cost models that link technology with the economics of accounting(figure 1).在光谱的另一端，管理会计师可能深知企业的需求，战略目标，和他们组织的财务状况，但无法理解新技术的能力。这并不奇怪，沟通障碍occer。工程的主要工业对经济的贡献涉及到的图片。工程经济背景的IE的提供他们与成本模型（图1）会计核算的经济链接技术。
As the industrial environment has changed drastically, engineering economy has evolved accordingly.Indeed, its aim is not only to compute net present values(NPVs)or internal rates of return(IRRs), but also to design cost models and evaluation procees that can be used within decision support systems for a variety of technological projects.随着工业的环境已经大大改变，工程经济发展。事实上，其目的是不仅要计算净现值（净现值）或内部收益率（内部收益率），而且还设计可以用于决策支持系统内的各种科技项目的成本模型和评估过程。
Armed with economic models tailored to specific technologies, industrial engineers are able to measure, for instance, the cost of flexibility and, in turn, help integrate this figure in accounting cost systems and financial justification models.By including engineering economy in the justification proce, firms are therefore better equipped for solving complex justification problems that involve technical and financial specialists working together in an interdisciplinary group.有了针对特定技术的经济模式，工业工程师能够测量，例如，成本和灵活性，反过来，帮助整合这种成本会计制度和财务理由模型图。包括工程经济调整过程中，因此企业更好地解决复杂的问题，涉及的理由的金融和技术专家一起工作，在一个多学科小组。
Such a succeful group is likely to shed light on such questions as: What is the rate of return of ergonomics? What is the payback of a six-sigma program? What are the benefits of this new information technology? What is the value of flexibility aociated with this FMS? It is unreasonable to think that one person would be able to answer such difficult questions satisfactorily.The need for a project evaluation group thus seems more appropriate in the face of the competitive environment within which firms must compete, on the one hand, and the complexity of the projects involved, on the other.这样一个成功的团队很可能作为阐明这些问题：什么是人体工程学的回报率？一个六西格玛项目的回报是什么呢？这种新的信息技术有什么好处？什么是FMS与此相关联的灵活性的价值？这是不合理的，认为一个人会能够圆满回答这些困难的问题。项目评估组的需要，从而在面对内，企业必须竞争，一方面，涉及的项目，另一方面，复杂的竞争环境似乎更为合适。
Such a concept is certainly compatible with open accounting, which is implemented by firms and aimed at sharing financial information inside the organization.There is another practical advantage of starting a group that has diversity: the persons involved agree to have a unified vision of costs and benefits related to a new technology(if they want to work effectively).Lack of agreement on the nature of costs and benefits may lead to controversies over the project and failure of the justification effort.这种观念当然是兼容开放会计，这是由企业和实施旨在分享组织内部的财务信息。还有另一种开始一组具有多样性的实际优势：有关人士同意有一个涉及到一个新的技术（如果他们想有效地开展工作）的成本和利益的一致看法。缺乏对成本和收益的性质的协议，可能会导致对项目和失败的理由努力的争议。
A project evaluation group, like any group or task force in the firm, should follow a proce.In a way, economic justification itself is a proce.This may not be obvious, but to evaluate a project, especially one of those proposed today, a great deal of analysis must be done.The justification proce can be defined in terms of steps as illustrated in Figure 2.项目评估组，如任何团体或公司专案组，应遵循一个过程。在某种程度上，经济上的理由本
身是一个过程。这可能不是很明显，但评估一个项目，尤其是那些今天提出的，必须做大量的分析。可以定义的理由，在步骤上，如图2所示。
Figure 2（图2）
Steps in the evaluation proce
An important advantage of such a proce is that the overall evaluation problem is divided into smaller subproblems that can be tackled more easily.Moreover, this proce is able to give a sense of direction to engineering economy analysts and to nonspecialists who are confronted with justifying their proposals and have nowhere to start.Such a proce is needed for the kinds of projects that are found in today's proposals(e.g.new manufacturing technologies, new computer/information systems, total quality programs, and ergonomics projects).理想的情况下，图2中的所有步骤应执行;但是，根据具体情况，其中一些步骤可能需要更多或更少的努力。但隐或任何理由的程序明确的是，成本和收益的性质确定的事实。然后，他们的行为是在这种或那种方式（工程经济学家，成本估计，和传统的管理会计师都使用一些成本模型）为蓝本。之后，被分配到特定的成本对象，如生产/组装线，部门，工作站或产品成本。然后，由项目产生的未来收益的估计。该项目的评估是在短期和长远的角度而言，随着风险分析（应该做的，如果可能的话）。
lly, all of the steps in Figure 2 should be performed;however, depending on the specific situation, some of these steps may require more or le effort.But implicit or explicit in any justification procedure is the fact that the nature of costs and benefits be identified.Then their behavior is modeled in one way or another(engineering economists, cost estimators, and traditional and management accountants all use some cost models).Afterward, costs are allocated to specific cost objects such as a production/aembly line, department, workstation, or product.Then, an estimate of future benefits resulting from the project is performed.The evaluation of the project is done in terms of both short-and long-term standpoints along with a risk analysis(which should be done, if poible).在评估过程中的步骤
这样一个过程的一个重要的优势是整体评价的问题是划分成更小的子可以更容易地处理。此外，这个过程是能够提供一种方向感，工程经济分析和证明他们的建议，面对非专业和无处开始。这样一个过程是，在今天的建议（如新的制造技术，新的计算机/信息系统，全面质量计划，和人体工程学项目）的项目的各种需要。
