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吉林警察学院 教师讲稿
（2015－2016学年第一学期）
课程名称： 大学英语
课程编号： 17310100
2014级本科计算机、年级专业：
法学、侦查学区队
开课系部： 中外语言系 开课教研室： 英日教研室 任课教师： 林若铭
吉林警察学院教务处制
Unit 1: Hero and Courage Text A
What Courage Looks Like
I.Theme-related Information What do you know about these heroes?
Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he raised public consciousne of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S.history.Horatio Nelson(29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805)was a flag officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars.The English admiral and naval hero was noted for his bravery and for his victories, including the decisive Battle of Trafalgar.He ranks as the last great naval hero of a proud seafaring nation.Joan of Arc, nicknamed ―The Maid of Orléans‖(1412 – 30 May 1431), is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint.A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII of France.Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India.Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom acro the world.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.host — v.to provide the place and everything that is needed for the people invited or for an organized event Examples:
Which country is going to host the next World Cup？
In China, the wedding is generally hosted by the groom’s family.2.grave — a.looking or sounding quiet and serious, especially because sth.important or worrying has happened Examples:
The patient was clearly in an extremely grave condition.His face was grave as he told them about the accident.他神情严肃地向他们讲述了那场事故。显然，这位病人的情况十分严重。3.announcement
— n.an important or official statement Examples:
David made the announcement at a news conference.He’ll make an official announcement later after visiting troops in Iraq.在对驻伊部队的访问结束后，他将发表正式声明。戴维在新闻发布会上发出了公告。4.be out of order — be in the wrong order;go wrong Examples:
The elevator was out of order, so we had to walk to the tenth floor of the building.As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.由于洪水造成了电话中断，我们无法了解他们的情况。由于电梯发生故障，我们只好徒步爬上十楼。5.on board — on a ship, train, plane or other vehicles Examples:
We had a pleasant time on board both ships.The captain refused to leave his sinking ship while there were others on board.在船上还有其他人的时候，船长拒绝离开正在下沉的船。我们在两艘船上都度过了快乐的时光。6.in the event of — if sth.happens Examples:
Call the police in the event of an emergency.In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors.如果下雨，聚会就在室内举行。如果遇到紧急情况就打电话给警察。7.comfort — v.to make sb.feel le worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to them or touching them 妈妈充满爱心的话使哭泣的孩子得到安慰。
— n.a feeling of freedom from worry or disappointment Example:
They love nice things and like to live in comfort.他们喜欢美好的东西，过舒适的生活。Example:
Her mother’s words of love comforted the sobbing child.8.hysterical — a.unable to control one’s behavior or emotions because of extreme excitement, anger, etc.Examples:
He is hysterical at the sight of the photo.You are getting hysterical, maybe you should try to calm down.你越来越激动了，也许你应该试着冷静下来。他一看到那张照片就异常激动。9.fellow — n.people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you Examples:
You must not let fellow workers take advantage of your fine talents.He was a bright little fellow with a fresh-looking face.他是一个聪明的小伙子，有着鲜活帅气的面容。不要让你的同事利用你的才能。10.be stunned by — be shocked by Examples:
She was stunned by the news of her son’s death.He was too stunned by what had happened to say anything.他对所发生的事情感到十分震惊，一时说不出话来。她儿子的死讯令她震惊。11.grim — a.looking or sounding very serious;making you feel worried Examples:
He has to acknowledge the grim fact.Given these grim realities, how should the effort at reform be pursued? 考虑到这些严酷的现实，改革的努力又应如何继续呢？ 他不得不承认这无情的事实。12.composure — n.the state of feeling or seeming calm Examples:
I did my best to regain my composure.She maintained her composure, though with difficulty, throughout the trial.尽管十分困难，她在审讯中还是尽力保持冷静。我尽了最大的努力恢复镇静。13.tremor — n.a slight shaking or trembling movement Examples:
Her behavior caused a great tremor in the society.There had been a tremor so slight that I did not even feel it.发生的震动十分轻微，我甚至都没有感觉到。她的行为在社会上引起了极大震动。14.clench — v.to hold one’s hands, teeth, etc.together tightly, usually out of anger or determination Examples: He clenched his teeth and refused to tell anything.The boy clenched his fists, ready to defend himself.小男孩攥紧拳头，准备保护自己。他咬紧牙关，什么也不肯说。15.aure — v.to make certain of;be careful or certain to do sth.Examples:
Halfway through the survey, he began auring me there was only ―one last question‖.Instead, you can earn her trust by auring her that you will do your work to her specifications.相反，你可以通过向她保证你会按照她的要求做事来赢得她的信任。调查进展到一半时，他努力使我相信只剩下―最后一个问题了‖。16.chaos — n.a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order Examples:
Chaos in one area is likely to spread to another.After the diolution of parliament the country went in chaos.国会解散之后，这个国家陷入一片混乱。
在一个地区发生的骚乱很有可能扩散到另一地区。17.grief — n.extreme sadne, especially because sb.you love has died Examples:
She went nearly mad with grief after the child died.They found the poor old man half frantic with grief and anger.他们看到这位可怜的老人由于悲伤和愤怒，几乎发疯了。孩子死后，她伤心欲绝，几乎要疯了。18.ward off
— to prevent the occurrence of;to prevent from happening Examples:
No official bodies have been able to ward off the sinister threat.There are innumerable instances where threatened calamity has been warded off.有数不清的可怕灾难最后都避免了。
没有任何官方机构能够阻止这种可怕的威胁。19.haunt
— v.to cause problems for sb.over a long period of time Examples:
For years she was haunted by guilt.Mistakes always come back to haunt you.错误似乎总在你身边作祟。
多年来愧疚一直困扰着她。
Unit 2: Communication Text A: Whereas You Were an Insensitive Fool...I.Theme-related Information Facial Expreion Happyangrysadshysurprisedscaredsleepyconfusedembarraeddisappointed Gesture QuietOKwell-downI love youstopclappingprayvictorylook down upon Action Smilekishakebowpointnodwavehugbendstare
Never mistake legibility for communication.—David Carson 决不要把简洁易懂等同于能够交流。——戴维·卡森
It is insight into human nature that is the key to the communicator’s skill.For whereas the writer is concerned with what he puts into his writing, the communicator is concerned with what the reader gets out of it.—William Bernbach 对人性的洞察力是交流技能的关键所在。作家往往关注他写作的内容，而对于一个交流者而言，他所关注的是读者能从其作品中获取什么。——威廉·伯恩巴克
II.Language and Cultural Points 1.tailgate
— v.to drive too closely to the vehicle in front of you e.g.Perhaps the fact that the car was tailgating him made him
accelerate.或许是因为那辆汽车跟得太紧，他才加速的。
Police pulled him over doing 120km/h, making rapid changes and tailgating.警察让他把车靠边停下，因为他的时速高达120公里，还一直快速变道、紧贴前车行驶。2.luxury
— n.very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars, etc.e.g.By all accounts he leads a life of considerable luxury.据说他的生活颇为奢侈。她在锦衣玉食的环境中长大。
She was brought up in an atmosphere of luxury and wealth.3.My husband is a lawyer, so naturally the language he best understands is that of the legal profeion.—My husband is a lawyer, so he can best understand the language about his work.句中that指代前面的the language，that of the legal profeion就是the language of the legal profeion。4.stumble — v.to hit your foot against sth.or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall
e.g.He stumbled and almost fell.他差点被绊倒。stumble over/on
fall because your foot hit against sth.Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.维克进来的时候在台阶上绊了一下。5.indignant
— a.angry and surprised because you feel insulted or unfairly treated e.g.His indignant conclusion was, ―Whatever the answer to that question may be, what is going on is just too important to ignore.‖
他愤慨地总结道：―不论这个问题的答案是什么，正在发生的事情太重要了，不容忽视。‖
They were indignant that the government had not consulted them.政府没有征求他们的意见,这让他们很愤怒。6.awful
— a.1.very bad or unpleasant
2.used to emphasize sth., especially that there is a large amount or too much of sth.e.g.Even if the weather’s awful there’s lots to do.即使天气很差，也还有好多事情可以做。Jeans look awful on me.我穿牛仔裤难看极了。
That’s an awful lot of money.I’m in an awful hurry to get to the bank.那是很多很多钱呀。我正急着去银行。
8.Neither my silent anger nor my open rage would reach him.— My inner anger can’t get his attention;my fiery yelling can’t, either.9.rage — n.a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger e.g.He admitted shooting the man in a fit of rage.他承认自己一怒之下朝那人开了枪。He was red-cheeked with rage.他气得满脸通红。10.reach — v.to get the attention or interest of sb.;
to make sb.understand or accept sth.e.g.The company is using TV commercials to reach a bigger audience.这个公司利用电视广告来吸引更多的观众。I don’t think I’m reaching my son.我想我现在不懂我儿子了。11.sound — a.(structure, part of sb’s body, or sb’s mind)in good condition or healthy e.g.He was found to be of sound mind when he committed the murder.经证明，他在杀人时心智正常。His body was still sound.他的身体仍然硬朗。12.mock — a.(only before noun)not real, but intended to be very similar to a real situation, substance, etc.e.g.―It’s tragic!‖ swoons Jeffrey in mock horror.―真惨啊！‖杰弗里假装吓得昏了过去。
One of them was subjected to a mock execution.他们当中有一个人受到了假处决。13.draft — v.to write a plan, letter, report, etc.that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form e.g.He drafted a standard letter to the editors.他起草了一份给编辑的标准信函。
The legislation was drafted by House Democrats.法律由众议院民主党草拟。14.plaintiff — n.sb.who brings a legal action against another person in a court of law e.g.When the court seion opens, the court invites the plaintiff to state his case.开庭后，法庭会要求原告陈述他的案情。
Selling spouses is illegal.Plaintiff has clear grounds for divorce.贩卖配偶是非法的，原告有足够的理由离婚。15.defendant — n.the person in a court of law who has been accused of doing sth.illegal e.g.The plaintiff accused the defendant of fraud.原告指控被告欺诈。
The defendant appeared at the juvenile court yesterday.这名被告昨天在少年法庭出庭受审。16.maintenance
— n.1.the act of making a state or situation continue
2.the repairs, painting, etc.that are neceary to keep sth.in good
condition e.g.The basic underlying principles of weight lo and maintenance are the same;you have to eat a healthy diet and increase your exercise.减重和保持的基本原则是相同的: 你必须养成健康的饮食习惯，同时增加体育运动。
17.maintenance e.g.As for the independent director, maintenance of his reputation is an important motive to prompt him to perform his duty.对独立董事来说,保持自身的声誉是促使他履行职责的重要动机之一。The building has suffered from years of poor maintenance.这栋楼年久失修。17.dwelling — n.a house, apartment, etc.where people live e.g.Wuthering Heights is the name of Mr.Heathcliff’s dwelling.呼啸山庄是希斯克利夫先生住处的名字。
In an early morning, I, being alone, sneaked out of my dwelling quietly and walked toward the lotus place, which has been admired in my heart for a long time.一日清晨，我独自一人悄悄地溜出住处，朝着那片心仪已久的荷花地走去。18.attorney — n.a lawyer e.g.The attorney for the defense challenged the juror.被告辩护律师不同意这位陪审员的意见。
The attorney for the defense challenged the evidence as hearsay.被告辩护律师驳斥该证据为道听途说。19.contemplate — v.1.to think about sth.seriously for a long time
2.to think about sth.that you might do in the future e.g.He goes to the park every day to sit and contemplate.他每天去公园，坐在那里沉思默想。
He contemplated the meaning of the poem for a long time.这首诗的意思他思考了很久。20.contemplate — v.1.to think about sth.seriously for a long time
2.to think about sth.that you might do in the future e.g.He had even contemplated suicide.他甚至考虑过自杀。
She’s contemplating moving to the city.她正考虑搬到城里。
21.Despite the Plaintiff’s report that she heard a ―snapping sound‖ when she stumbled and fell, the Defendant dismied this evidence of a broken bone, contending, ridiculously, that it must have been the strap on her high heels snapping.Although I told my husband that I heard a breaking sound when I fell, my husband totally ignored what happened to my foot and said unreasonably that the sound was from the broken strap of my shoes.22.dismi — v.1.to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion, etc., because you think it is not serious, true, or important
2.to tell sb.that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed e.g.I wouldn’t dismi it out of hand.我不会不假思索地摈弃它。
Mr.Wakeham dismied the reports as speculation.韦克厄姆先生把这些报道当作臆测而不予理会。23.dismi — v.1.to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion, etc., because you think it is not serious, true, or important
2.to tell sb.that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed e.g.The military commander has been dismied.军队司令已经被免职了。
Two more witnees were called, heard, and dismied.又有两名证人被传讯后获准离开了。24.contend — v.1.to argue or state that sth.is true
2.to compete against sb.in order to gain sth.e.g.Most women contend that high heels are perfectly comfortable — once you get used to them.多数女性都声称，一旦你习惯了高跟鞋穿起来就再舒服不过了。
Supporters contend these laws are simply meant to ensure the integrity of the voting proce.支持者认为这些法律仅仅是为了保证投票过程的公正。
Unit 3: Stre
Text A Stre in Modern Life
By David Molden
I.Theme-related Information Stre Management Tips Stre is considered to be the biggest non-medical killer of human beings.Though stre can play a positive role in your life, it ends up inducing many types of bodily complications.Hence, it is highly important to control this invisible killer.The biggest factor that has contributed to an increased amount of stre in our lives is hectic work schedules.One can add to it factors like performance anxiety, meeting deadlines, and social preures.What one eventually gets is a tired mind that is completely worked out.Here are a few things that you can do.1.Improve your breathing-It often happens that we get so engroed with our work that we forget to take regular breaths.As a result, we quickly and frequently get out of breath.It may appear very insignificant but lack of proper breathing does induce stre in us.It can be countered by consciously focusing upon our breaths.Instead of shallow breathing, you consciously need to take in deep breaths.2.Do some meditation-Meditation will help you bring thoughts in your mind, all together.It will help you focus them on to one single thing.This will eventually help you in concentrating on your work, thereby reducing your workload.3.Avoid focus only on work-When you concentrate only on work, you are unknowingly inviting a lot of stre upon you.Hence, it is better that once you complete important aignments, you take your mind off work for some time.Have a look around to find some distraction.Focus your thought and energy on that and feel relaxed and satisfied.4.Talk to people around you-Have a healthy relationship with people around you.This will help you reduce any sort of emotional stre that can crop up due to work-related aloofne.If not handled, it can wreak a lot of psychological havoc and disrupt your day-to-day functioning.5.Eat good food-Stre can be busted with the help of your favorite food.However, do not binge on deep fried stuff.It will lead to accumulation of fat and cholesterol, which would make you sluggish.Further, instead of drinking coffee, it is better to switch to green tea.It will help in bringing down the levels of cortisol, a noted stre inducing hormone.6.Go vacationing-All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.It also adds to his stre.Hence, it is better for Jack to take some time off work and go for a vacation.This will soothe his nerves and take his mind off work for some time.7.Stre removing therapies-You can try out stre removing maage therapies.Maages can rejuvenate your entire body system and give you a fresh sensation in your entire body.If you don't have time for a parlor maage, do it yourself at home.Add some aromatherapy as well.8.Listen to some music-Instead of remaining glued to your TV, it is better that you listen to your favorite music.It will calm down your frail nerves and help you relax.Lastly, remember stre management is all about relaxing, of staying away from too much of streful activity in day-to-day life.Apart from doing something to feel relaxed, you can also feel relaxation in your head all the while.It would definitely help.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.acquaint —
v.to know about sth., because you have seen it, read it, used it Examples:
She was well acquainted with claical literature.All people should seek to become acquainted with beauty.她精通古典文学。
所有人都应该设法去认识美。acquaint sb.with sth.—
to give sb.information about sth.Examples:
She acquainted them with the facts.We aim to acquaint policy makers with some of these iues.她把事实告诉了他们。
我们的宗旨是使政策制定者能了解一些这样的问题。2.bear —
v.1.to support(a weight or load);to hold up 专家担心金融系统不能承受这样的压力。Examples:
Experts were worried that the financial system would not be able to bear the strain.The ice is too thin to bear your weight.冰太薄，承受不了你的重量。
—
to suffer or accept(sth.unpleasant)without complaining Examples:
She bore the pain with great courage.I can’t bear being kept waiting.她非常勇敢地忍受了痛苦。我无法忍受长时间等待别人。3.exert — v.to use one’s power, influence, etc.in order to make sth.happen Examples:
They exerted considerable influence within the school.The weak yen continued to exert downward preure on regional currencies.他们在学校里影响相当大。
日元疲软,区内其他货币面临贬值压力。4.undertake —
v.1.to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it Examples:
Dr.Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.She undertook the organization of the whole scheme.约翰博士承担了编写一本综合英语词典的工作。她负责/承担整个计划的组织工作｡ —
2.to promise or agree Examples:
He undertook to pay the money back within six months.The government has undertaken to tackle unemployment as a priority.他保证六个月内还钱。
政府已承诺优先解决失业问题。5.industrious
—
a.hard-working;diligent Examples:
They are known for their industrious nature.Only those industrious and smart students can have a better command of English.他们因为勤劳的天性而出名｡
只有那些勤勉、聪明的学生才能更好地掌握英语｡ 6.feast
—
v.to eat and drink a lot to celebrate sth.Example:
We feasted on strawberries and cream.我们大吃草莓和冰淇淋｡
—
n.a large meal where a lot of people celebrate a special occasion He made a speech at the wedding feast.他在婚礼宴会上发表了演说｡ 7.bring about — to make sth.happen, especially to cause changes in a situation Examples:
Science has brought about many changes in our lives.The increase in busine activity was brought about by the fall in oil prices.科学为我们的生活带来了许多变化｡ 石油价格下跌促使生意增加｡ 8.prophet — n.sb.who claims that they know what will happen in the future Examples:
I’m afraid I’m no weather prophet.They listen to the words of the prophet.恐怕我不是天气的预测者｡ 他们听着预言家的预测｡ 9.sorrowful — a.very sad Examples:
He felt sorrowful that he had no status in the society.When I think of my father, I get depreed and sorrowful with tears in my eyes.他很难过自己在社会上没有地位｡
当我想起父亲时，眼里禁不住饱含泪水，心中满是悲伤和失落｡ 10.look back —
v.to think about a time or event in the past Examples:
I look back on those days as the happiest time of my life.When I look back on this, I know I made a right choice.回顾那些日子，那是我生活中最快活的一段时间。当我回想起这件事时，我知道我的选择是对的｡ 11.depreion
— n.a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life Examples:
Lucy’s mood was one of deep depreion.In contrast, depreion affects the entire body, not just the mind.露西心情极度抑郁｡
相反，抑郁影响的是整个身体，而不单单是心理｡ 12.suicide —
n.the act of killing oneself Examples:
More people commit suicide at Christmas than at any other time.He left a suicide note.相比其他任何时间，更多人选择在圣诞节自杀｡ 他留了封绝笔信｡
13.There are others who haven’t snapped but started creaking and limping under the weight of their huge bellies and lack of exercise.Paraphrase:
Some other people have not broken down yet, but they could not move rapidly and flexibly because of their weight and lack of exercise.14.creak —
v.1.to make the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens Example:
The floorboards creaked as she walked acro the room.她穿过房间时，地板咯吱咯吱地响｡
— 2.to show weakne or frailty under strain Example:
The tax system is creaking under its increasingly heavy workload.税收系统在工作量日益加重的情况下费力运转。15.limp —
v.to walk slowly and with difficulty because one leg is hurt or injured Examples:
He limped off the field with a foot injury.Unit 4: Study Abroad
Text A Fish in a Different Pond
I.Theme-related Information Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, or to a move between social environments.Cultural differences: The quality, quantity and length of culture shock seems to be a function of the differences between the home and the host culture.Individual differences: Individuals and their capability to deal with social situations.Sojourn(旅居)experiences: His/her intercultural experiences.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.rebel — n.sb.who opposes or fights against people in authority Examples:
She was a rebel at school.她在学校时就很叛逆。
The woman was a rebel against feudal ethics.那个女人是封建礼教的叛逆者。2.nip — v.to hurt or damage part of one’s body or a plant with cold weather or wind Examples:
The day was cold, with a nipping wind down the northward running streets.天气很冷，朝北的街上刮起了一阵刺骨的寒风。He felt nipping ache while opening an eye.他睁开眼时感到了刺骨的疼痛。3.be armed with — to be provided with all the information, skills, or equipment you need to do sth.Examples:
She thought that if she armed herself with all the knowledge she could gather, she could handle anything.她以为，如果具备了所有能学到的知识，就能处理任何事。
Armed only with a BBC microphone, I travelled acro South Africa meeting writers.仅仅凭借着一支英国广播公司的话筒，我走遍了南非，会见了许多作家。4.fluffy — a.very light and soft to touch Examples:
The white, fluffy snow that started out as a novelty in December has become crunchy and dirty.纯白松软的雪花在12月刚刚降落时还显得十分新鲜，而今已经开始融化、变脏。A smartly dreed woman paed through, walking a fluffy dog.一个衣着光鲜的女人牵着一条毛茸茸的狗走了过去。5.be equipped for — to be prepared for a particular activity or problem Examples: Women will thus be better equipped for the new jobs of the 21st century, in which brains count a lot more than brawn.这样，面对21世纪的新工作，女性就会具备更好的就业能力，毕竟21世纪讲究的是聪明的头脑而非强壮的肌肉。
Those students are not equipped for the challenges of college.那些学生没有准备好迎接大学生活的挑战。6.scorn — n.the feeling that sb./sth.is stupid or does not deserve respect Examples:
Researchers greeted the proposal with scorn.研究员们对这个建议嗤之以鼻。
Franklin shared the family’s scorn for his wife’s new friends.富兰克林和其他家人一样，也对他夫人的新朋友们不屑一顾。
— v.to show that you think that sth.is stupid, unreasonable, or not worth accepting Examples:
Several leading officers have quite openly scorned the peace talks.几位高官相当公开地对和平谈判表示出不屑。People scorn me as a single parent.人们因为我一个人带孩子就看不起我。7.mutter — v.to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about sth., or you do not want people to hear you Examples:
He heard muttering from the front of the crowd.他听到人群前面有人在小声嘀咕。
―God knows what’s happening in that madman’s mind,‖ she muttered.她咕哝着：―天知道那个疯子在想什么。‖ 8.curse — n.1.swear word or words that you say because you are very angry Examples:
The old man ripped out with a curse.这位老人气愤地咒骂起来。
He shot her an angry look and a curse.他投给她愤怒的一瞥和一句诅咒。
— n.2.a word or sentence used to ask God or a magical power to do sth.bad to sb./sth.Examples:
In the story, Ariel loses her voice because of a curse.在故事中，爱丽儿因为一个诅咒而失去了声音。He believed that someone had put a curse on the house.他相信有人对这房子下了咒语。9.turn out — to happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect Examples:
To my surprise, it turned out that I was wrong.让我惊讶的是，结果是我错了。
As it turned out, he paed the exam quite easily.结果，他很顺利地通过了考试。10.elite — a.（of people or members of a group）the best, most skilled or most experienced Examples:
Most of the written history is the ―elite history‖ of ancient Chinese emperors.大部分中国历代书面的历史是帝王将相的―精英史‖。
If your child is at an elite school, there are no dumb kids in his or her math cla — only smart and smarter.如果你孩子上的是精英学校，他们的数学课上可不会有傻瓜——学生只会一个比一个聪明。11.blue-blood — n.a person of noble birth Example:
She really was blue-blood from the beginning with her father, a wealthy English banker, and her mother, a Dutch barone.她确实出身高贵，父亲是位富有的英国银行家，母亲是荷兰女男爵。12.highlight Examples:
She added highlights to her hair.她挑染了一些头发。
— n.1.（pl.）areas of hair that have been made a lighter colour than the rest I noticed his hair was a little lighter, so I asked if he’d gotten highlights.我注意到他的发色变亮了，所以问他是否做了挑染。
— n.2.the most important, interesting, or enjoyable part of sth.such as a holiday, performance, or sports competition That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip.那个在威尼斯的周末显然是我们整个旅程中的亮点。13.crawl — v.to move or progre slowly or with great difficulty Examples:
I crawled out of bed at nine-thirty.我9点半才勉强从床上爬起来。
Hairpin turns force the car to crawl at 10 miles an hour in some places.在一些地段，U形弯路使得汽车只能以每小时10英里的速度缓慢行进。14.Just when I was about to die of heat exhaustion and book burns, the Aistant Dean called me over.Just when I was going to get heat exhaustion and was out of breath under the weight of books in my backpack, the Aistant Dean asked me to get there.15.mystery —
n.1.the quality that sth./sb.has when they seem strange, secret, or difficult to understand or explain Examples:
It is an elaborate ceremony, surrounded in mystery.那是一个精心筹划的仪式，笼罩着一层神秘的色彩。Her dark glaes gave her an air of mystery.她黑色的眼镜给她增添了几分神秘。
—
n.2.an event, situation，etc.that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it Examples:
The source of the gunshots still remains a mystery.枪声来自何处仍是个谜。
What happened to the paintings after that is an unsolved mystery.在那之后这些画发生过什么是个未解之谜。16.humble —
a.1.simple and ordinary, but useful or effective Examples:
There are restaurants, both humble and expensive, that specialize in these dishes.专门做这些菜的餐馆既有毫不起眼的也有价格昂贵的。This delicious meal was made of humble ingredients.这美味佳肴是用普通食材做成的。
—
a.2.not considering oneself or one’s ideas to be as important as other people’s Examples:
It is, in my humble opinion, perhaps the best steak restaurant in Great Britain.依我拙见，这个饭店的牛排可能是英国最好的。Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败使人谦卑。17.wardrobe — n.a piece of furniture like a large cupboard that you hang clothes in Examples:
This wardrobe is actually a secret entrance to a playroom.这个衣柜实际上是一个游戏室的秘密入口。
The windows and the wardrobe were shaking as if there was an earthquake or something similar.窗户和衣柜在摇晃，好像地震了或是什么。18.avalanche —
v.(of a ma of snow, ice, etc.)to descend rapidly down a mountainside Examples:
A pile of books avalanched out of the shelf.一堆书从书架上雪崩似的掉下来。A snow step avalanched.冰雪砌的台阶崩塌了。19.pristine — a.extremely fresh or clean Examples:
This island used to be a near-empty oasis of white sand and pristine waters.过去,这个岛是个人迹罕至、白砂弥望、水体清澈的绿洲。No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.没有一个人是用纯净、毫无偏见的眼光看待世界的。— a.simple and straightforward Examples:
I knew I should thank her, but the memory of her no-nonsense, crisp cla style still intimidated me.我知道我应该感谢她，但是回忆起她那种严肃干脆的课堂作风，我仍然感到害怕。no-nonsense She saw herself as a direct, no-nonsense, modern woman.她认为自己为一个率直、高效、干练的现代女性。20.go a long way — to help a lot to sth.Examples:
The new standards adopted will go a long way towards protecting human health.通过的这些新标准将对保护人类健康大有帮助。
The administration believes that these measures will go a long way to ensure the stability of the financial system.政府认为，这些措施将极大地有助于确保金融体系的稳定。21.wag — v.（of the tongue）to move rapidly in talking Examples:
What set tongues wagging was the age difference between the two partners.这对伴侣年龄上的差异招来了不少闲话。
You must stop visiting that woman;tongues are beginning to wag.你不能再去看望那个女人了，人们已经议论纷纷了。22.short-hand — n.a shorter but le clear way of saying sth.Examples:
The fiction that ―he‖ is a neutral short-hand for ―he or she‖ is no longer acceptable to many.很多人已不再接受用―他‖作为―他或她‖的中性简称这种做法。
When we describe a three-year-old as smart, it’s short-hand for ―smarter than other three-year-olds.‖
当我们说一个三岁小孩聪明时，实际上不过是说他比其他三岁的小孩聪明。
Unit 5: Consumption Text A The Wisdom of Collaborative Consumption
I.Theme-related Information
What is collaborative consumption? Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term collaborative consumption is used to describe an economic model based on sharing, swapping, bartering, trading or renting acce to products as opposed to ownership.Technology and peer communities are enabling these old market behaviours to be reinvented in ways and on a scale never poible before.From enormous marketplaces such as eBay and Craigslist, to peer-to-peer marketplaces such as Tradepal, Fiverr, Collaborative Consumption is disrupting outdated modes of busine and reinventing not just what people consume but how they consume it.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.property — n.1.the thing or things that sb.owns
2.a building, a piece of land, or both together Examples: I told him that the computer was my personal property.我告诉他这台电脑是我的私人物品。
Several properties on this street are for sale.这条街上有几处房产正在出售。2.psychological — a.relating to the way that your mind works and the way that this affects your behavior Examples: Sleep disorders are causing a series of serious psychological problems.睡眠紊乱会导致一系列严重的心理问题。
As for bankers, there seems to be another psychological factor at work.对银行家而言，另一个心理因素似乎在发挥作用。3.covet — v.to have a very strong desire to have sth.that sb.else has Examples: We do not covet anything from any nation.我们不觊觎任何国家的任何东西。
She coveted his job so openly that their conversations were tense.她如此公开地凯觎他的工作，以致两人之间的谈话很紧张。4.acquire — v.1.to obtain sth.by buying it or being given it
2.to gain sth.by your efforts, ability or behavior Examples: The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali.博物馆设法弄到了达利的一件重要作品。
I look on it as an opportunity to acquire fresh skills.我把这当成是一次学习新技能的机会。5.charming Examples: He found her as smart and beautiful as she is charming.— a.very pleasing or attractive 他发现她聪明、美丽而且惹人喜爱。
I’ m glad you like it.I got it in a charming little boutique near here.我很高兴你喜欢它。我是在附近一家可爱的小时装店里买的。6.dull Examples: His house was the best, faced with dull red-and-grey old brick.— a.1.not bright or shiny
2.not interesting or exciting
他的房子是最好的，外面砌着一层暗红灰色的旧砖。It was a dull dinner, and I couldn’t stand it, so I left.那是一次很无聊的晚宴，我待不住，所以就溜了。
7.That additional Nikon lens that cost a month’s salary now seems extraneous on a camera that already performs well.Examples: Once in place, the injector is removed and the lens opens.lens — n.the part of a camera through which the light travels before it reaches the film 位置一旦定下来，注射器就抽出来，镜头就会打开。
We are still telling stories about courage and lo through the lens of every major conflict in history.透过历史上每个重要战争的镜头，我们依旧讲述着关于勇气和失败的故事。8.That additional Nikon lens that cost a month’s salary now seems extraneous on a camera that already performs well.Paraphrase: —
A month’s salary was spent on an additional Nikon lens just in case, but now it seems to be unneceary because the camera is already working well.Examples:
If you agree to our proposal of a barter trade, we’ll give you
9.Trading a cow for a buffalo, jointly using the village water well, Egyptian homes built around a common courtyard where women gathered to dry spices and children gathered to play — all are examples of shared resources in ancient cultures.此句主干是破折号之后的部分，前面是三个名词性短语trading..., using...以及homes作并列主语。其中第三个例子里面built around a common courtyard 是动词过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的Egyptian homes，而where引导的从句是定语从句修饰前面的名词courtyard。10.rental —
n.1.the act of renting sth.or an arrangement to rent sth.2.amount of rent paid or received Examples: Last summer Brian rented out his house and went camping..房子。去年夏天，布赖恩把自己的房子租出去，然后去露营了。She rents a house with three other girls.她和另外3个女孩合租了一套 11.rent
— v.1.to let sb.live in a house, room, etc.that you own, or use
your land, in return for money
2.to pay money for the use of sth.for a short period of time 12.witne —
v.1.to experience important events or changes
2.to see sth.happen, especially a crime or accident Examples: This university has witneed quite a few changes over the years.这所大学多年来经历了相当大的变革。
Anyone who witneed the attack should call the police.任何目睹了那场攻击的人都应该报警。13.accompany —
v.1.to come with
2.to go somewhere with sb.Examples: Rapid economic growth is often accompanied by inflation.经济的迅速增长往往会伴随着通货膨胀。He agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa.他同意陪我去非洲旅行。14.burden —
n.1.sth.difficult or worrying that you are responsible for
2.(fml.)a heavy load that is difficult to carry Examples: We cannot take on another heavy financial burden.我们无法承受又一个沉重的经济负担。
The truck was loaded with so many burdens that it broke down suddenly.卡车上装载的货物太多，以至于突然发生故障了。15.exce —
n.more than a particular amount
a.in addition to an amount that is neceary, usual or legal Examples: An exce of house plants in a small apartment can be oppreive.在一套狭小的公寓里放过多的室内植物会让人感到压抑。Make sure that you don’t have to pay expensive exce charges.确保你不需要支付昂贵的额外费用。16.suppose —
v.1.to expect that sth.will happen or be true, and to base your plans on it
2.to believe;to have as an opinion Examples: There is no reason to suppose that his new book will be any better than his last one.没有理由推测他的新书将比上一本好。
She was commonly supposed to be extremely rich.大家都认为她非常富有。17.reformer —
n.a person who works to achieve political or social change reform
—
v.1.to improve a system, law, organization, etc.by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way
2.to change your behavior and become a better person, or to make sb.do this 18.… ―rapid explosion in sharing, bartering, trading and renting...on a scale never poible before.‖ Paraphrase: —
...―there are more people accepting the idea and practice of sharing, exchanging and trading things with other people, and the scale is unprecedented.‖
19.Rapid ma transit is a great example of collaborative consumption but it needs to take root into mindsets.Paraphrase: —
Rapid ma transit is a great example of collaborative consumption but efforts should be made to ensure that people accept it.20.spacious — a.(of a room, house, places, etc.)large and with plenty of space to move around in Examples: The house has a spacious kitchen and dining area.这座住宅有一个宽敞的厨房和用餐区。
The museum is complemented by a spacious garden.广大宽阔的庭院为博物馆增色不少。21.choked — a.1.(of a place)totally filled so that things cannot move through it
2.so angry, upset, or disappointed that one cannot speak Examples: The village’s roads are choked with traffic.那个村庄的道路被车辆堵住了。He was too choked to say anything more.他气得再也说不出话来。22.idle — a.1.not working or producing anything
2.lazy Examples: Now the machine is lying idle.现在这台机器正处于闲置状态。An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Unit 6: Aging Society
Text A The Time It Takes
I.Language and Cultural Points 1.trial
— n.1.sth.that is difficult to deal with, and that is worrying or annoying
2.a legal proce in which a judge and often a jury in a court of law examine information to decide whether sb.is guilty of a crime
Examples:
Many a great man has succeeded only through trial and error.许多伟人就是在历经尝试及错误后才获得成功的。
Public preure had been mounting in recent months calling for a trial.近几个月来呼吁开庭审判的公众压力越来越大。2.cripple —
v.to hurt sb.badly so that they cannot walk properly
n.a person with a physical disability or a serious permanent injury Examples:
Mr.Easton was crippled in an accident and had to leave his job.伊斯顿先生在一场事故中受伤致残，不得不放弃了工作｡
She has gone from being a healthy, fit and sporty young woman to being a cripple.她从一个健康、强健、爱好运动的年轻姑娘变成了一个残疾人。3.escort
— n.a person or group of people that travels with sb./sth.in order to protect or guard them
v.to take sb.somewhere, especially when you are protecting or guarding them Examples:
Armed escorts are provided for visiting heads of state.来访的国家元首由武装卫队护送。
He arrived escorted by a police shortly before half past nine.快到9点半时，他由一位警察护送到达。4.revelation
— n.a surprising fact about sb./sth.that was previously secret and is now made known Examples:
The ease with which he drives was quite a revelation to me.他开车如此娴熟自如，大大出乎我的意料｡
There are seemingly everlasting revelations about his private life.他的私生活似乎在永无休止地被披露｡ 5.loosen
—
v.to make sth.le tight or le firmly fastened, or to become le tight or le firmly fastened Examples:
He reached up to loosen the scarf around his neck.他抬手松了松脖子上的围巾。6.manipulate
— v.1.to use skill in moving or handling sth.2.to make sb.think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceiving or influencing them Examples:
He manipulated the controls of the plane so well that it did not crash.他操作飞机的控制系统非常纯熟，因此飞机没有坠毁。7.adapt
—
v.1.to gradually change your behavior and attitudes in order to be succeful in a new situation
2.to change sth.so that it can be used in a different way or for a different purpose Examples:
The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。8.watchful
— a.very careful to notice what is happening，and to make sure that everything is all right Examples:
The best thing is to be watchful and see the family doctor for any change in your normal health.最好的做法就是时刻注意身体，一有变化就去看家庭医生。
He ran his hand into his pocket and looked at me with cold, watchful eyes.他把手伸到他的口袋里，用冰冷、戒备的眼神看着我。
9.Every time she had to go to the bathroom, I’d be on the alert.Every time she had to go to the bathroom, I would be very cautious and careful.10.miserable
—
a.1.extremely unhappy
2.(of weather)making you feel depreed Examples:
After a breakup, life can seem miserable, but a good friend brings light and joy into a broken heart.分手后，生活看起来会很痛苦，但是好友会给受伤的心带来光明和欢乐。They started their holiday on a miserable day.他们的假期开始时天气很不好。11.irritable
—
a.getting annoyed quickly or easily Examples:
He had been waiting for over an hour and was beginning to feel irritable.他已经等了一个多小时，开始觉得有些烦躁了。
Patientsusually suffer from memory lo, personality changes,and
become irritable easily.病人们通常会记忆力减退，性格发生变化，而且变得易怒。12.bounce
— v.1.(of a ball)to spring back or up again after hitting a surface
2.(of a person)to jump up and down on sth.Examples:
My father would burst into the kitchen bouncing a tennis ball.我父亲会拍打着网球闯进厨房。
She bounced up and down excitedly on the bed.她兴奋地在床上蹦蹦跳跳。13.jolly
—
a.happy and enjoying oneself Examples:
She was a jolly and kindhearted woman.她是一个开朗、善良的女人。
Everybody was in a relaxed and jolly mood.每个人的心情都非常轻松愉快。14.sullen
—
a.angry and silent Examples:
The offenders lapsed into a sullen silence.这些罪犯陷入了愠怒的沉默。
All my attempts to amuse the children were met with sullen faces.我想尽办法哄这些孩子们开心，但是他们总是满脸的不高兴。15.Maybe I was kind more often than just occasionally.Maybe most of the time, I was kind and patient.16.But mostly what I recall is hating the proce, hating myself for hating it, and hating her for making it all neceary.此句是主系表结构。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是三个并列的动名词短语。
17.devour
—
v.1.to destroy sb./sth.2.to read or look at sth.with great interest and enthusiasm Examples:
The flames devoured the museum.火焰吞没了那座博物馆。
She began buying and devouring newspapers when she was only 12.她才12岁时，就开始买报纸并如饥似渴地阅读。18.exceptional
—
a.unusual and likely not to happen often Examples:
There are three exceptional situations，which you must handle separately.有三种例外的状况，您必须对其单独处理。
There were no exceptional circumstances that would warrant a leer penalty for him.没有什么例外情况可使他获得从轻处罚。19.overtake
— v.1.(of sth.unpleasant)to reach suddenly and unexpectedly
2.to develop or increase more quickly than sb./sth.else and become more succeful, more important, or more advanced than them Examples:
We mustn’t let ourselves be overtaken by our competitors.我们决不能让竞争对手超过我们。Sudden panic overtook her.她突然感到一阵恐慌。20.insult
— n.a remark or action that is offensive or deliberately rude v.to offend sb.by saying or doing sth.they think is rude Examples:
Their behavior was an insult to the people they present.他们的行为是对他们所代表的人们的一种侮辱。I did not mean to insult you.我并非故意要冒犯你。21.exhaust
— v.1.to make sb.feel extremely tired
2.to use all of sth.so that there is none left Examples:
All this studying, including part-time jobs, exhausted me but I knew I had to keep going.所有这些学习，再加上兼职工作，让我感到筋疲力尽，但我知道我必须坚持下去。Don’t give up until you exhausted all the poibilities.只要还有可能，就别放弃。22.disgrace
— n.the lo of other people’s respect because you have done sth.they strongly disapprove of
v.to behave badly in a way that makes you or other people feel ashamed
Examples:
His vice president also had to resign in disgrace.他的副总统也只得不光彩地辞职了。
His words disgraced his good image in front of the public.他的言论玷污了他在公众当中的形象。
Unit 7: Charity Text A Looking Good by Doing Good I.Theme-related Information Know more about charity organizations: The Red Cro Society of China(RCSC), founded on March 10th 1904, aisting wounded soldier, helping the refugees in times of conflict and providing aistance to disaster victims.Now, the RCSC has developed its activities in the humanitarian field with the support of the Government and the community.Its Disaster Preparedne/ Disaster Relief network has been initially set up.The RCSC will firmly abides by the seven Fundamental Principles of the Movement: Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality, Independence, Voluntary Service, Unity and Universality and continue to work hard to increase its contribution towards the well-being of the Chinese people and towards world peace and progre.It has 70,000 graroots units, claiming a total membership of 20 million people.The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation(B&MGF or the Gates Foundation)is the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates.It is “driven by the interests and paions of the Gates family”.The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and acce to information technology.The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H.Gates, Sr.and Chief Executive Officer Jeff Raikes.To maintain its status as a charitable foundation, it must donate at least 5% of its aets each year.The donations from the foundation each year would amount to over US$1.5 billion at a minimum.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.dramatic
— a.intended to be impreive, so that people notice Examples:
Some of the most dramatic events in American history happened here.美国历史上很多令人印象深刻的事件就发生在这里。They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV.他们在电视上看到了警察突击搜捕的惊心动魄的画面。2.identify
—
v.1.to recognize and correctly name sb./sth.2.to find sth.or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is, etc.Examples:
Can you identify the man who robbed you? 你能认出抢劫你的那个人吗？
After years of research, scientists have identified the virus that is responsible for the disease.经过多年研究，科学家发现了导致这种疾病的病毒。3.anonymous
— a.done, sent, or given by sb.who does not want his/her name to be known Examples:
an anonymous phone call/letter 匿名电话/信
The college received an anonymous 5 million gift.这所大学收到了五百万美元的匿名捐赠。4.Richistan
Robert Frank’s book titled Richistan is about the lives of the new rich and those who make up the wealth boom occurring in the United States.The book is 250 pages long and is fun to read.While we know there are millions of millionaires in the world, Frank exposes them in completely new ways, from how they hire butlers to the silly ways in which they make their fortunes.Frank gives us perspectives that we never reckon about when it comes to the self-made, rich population.5.publication
— n.1.a book, magazine, etc.2.the proce of printing a book, magazine, etc.and offering it for sale Examples:
He was the author of 70 major scientific publications.他是70种主要科学出版物的作者。The magazine has ceased publication.该杂志已经停止出版了。6.publicize
—
v.to give information about sth.to the public, so that they know about it Examples:
She did a series of interviews to publicize her new book.她做了一系列的访谈来宣传自己的新书。We must publicize the meeting widely.我们必须广泛地宣传这次会议。
7....the distinction between private and public generosity is helpful in understanding what motivates people to give money to charities or donate blood.If we get to know the difference between donation in public and donation in private, we’re likely to understand what motivates people to donate.8.equivalent
— n.sth.that has the same value, purpose, job, etc.as sth.else
a.having the same value, purpose, job, etc.as a person or thing of a different kind Examples:
Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of smoking ten cigarettes a day.呼吸污染这么严重的空气等于每天抽十支烟。Silence is sometimes equivalent to agreement.沉默有时等于同意。9.by no means : not at all Examples:
It’s difficult, but by no means impoible.这件事很困难，但绝非不可能。
It is by no means certain that the game will take place.比赛是否举行仍不确定。
10.tend to : to be likely to do sth.or to happen in a particular way because this is what often or usually happen Examples:
People tend to need le sleep as they get older.人年纪越大，所需要的睡眠就越少。
It tends to be the brighter kids who get all the teachers’ attention.能得到所有老师关注的常常是较聪明的孩子。11.Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University(TAU)is a public university located in Ramat Aviv, Israel.Located in Israel’s cultural, financial and industrial center, Tel Aviv University is Israel’s largest university.It is a major center of teaching and research, comprising nine faculties, 106 departments, and 90 research institutes.Its origins go back to 1956, when three research institutes — the Tel Aviv School of Law and Economics, the Institute of Natural Sciences, and the Institute of Jewish Studies — joined together to form the University of Tel Aviv.12.Columbia University
Columbia University is a private research university in New York City and one of the eight members of the Ivy League.Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the 5th oldest in the United States, and one of the country’s nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.It was founded in 1754 as King’s College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain.Today the University operates four global centers overseas in Amman, Jordan;Beijing, China;Paris, France;and Mumbai, India.13.seek
—
v.1.to try to achieve or get sth.2.to look for sb./sth.Examples:
Most men seek wealth;all men seek happine.多数人追逐财富；人人寻求幸福。14.insight
—
n.1.a sudden clear understanding of sth.or part of sth., especially a complicated situation or idea
2.the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are really like Examples:
Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.好的教师能洞察学生的问题。
The novelist has a subtle insight into human nature.那位小说家对人性具有敏锐的洞察力。15.monetary
—
a.relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country Examples:
The government adopted a tight monetary policy.政府采取了紧缩的货币政策。These are some objects of little monetary value.这是些不怎么值钱的东西。16.decisive：
—
a.1.very important for the final result of a particular situation
2.good at making decisions quickly and with confidence Examples:
The enemy was defeated in a decisive battle.敌人在一场决定性的战斗中被击败。
What the firm needs is a strong and decisive leader.公司需要的是一位强有力而又果断的领导。17.charitable
—
a.relating to giving help to the poor Examples:
Our school has received a charitable donation.我们学校收到了一份慈善捐赠。
His later years were devoted largely to charitable work.他晚年主要从事慈善工作。
18.in question : that is being discued
Examples:
The woman in question is sitting over there.提到的那个女人正在那里坐着呢。That is not the point in question.那不是要考虑的要点。19.conduct
—
v.to carry out a particular activity or proce, especially in order to get information or prove facts Examples:
I decided to conduct an experiment.我决定进行一次实验。我决定进行一次实验。He should learn how to conduct a meeting.他应该学会如何主持会议。20.awkward
—
a.1.difficult to do, use, or deal with
2.making you feel embarraed so that you are not sure what to do or say Examples:
This machine is awkward to handle.这台机器很难操作。
They arrived at an awkward time.他们在一个尴尬的时间来了。
Unit 8: Leadership
Text A They Made a Difference I.Theme-related Information Leadership development is also personal development.领袖力发展亦是个人成长。
―The Ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom first ordered well their own states.Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families.Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their person.‖
— Confucius
―古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家，欲齐其家者，先修其身。‖
II.Language and Cultural Points 1.vision
— n.1.the knowledge and imagination that are needed in planning for the future with a clear purpose
2.(the)ability to see Examples:
Some businemen cannot adapt to change because they have tunnel vision.有些生意人因为见识浅薄而无法顺应局势的变化。
I’ve had my eyes tested and the optician says my vision is perfect.我检测了眼睛，验光师说我的视力非常好。2.extraordinary
— a.1.very much greater or more impreive than usual
2.very unusual or surprising Examples:
She won acceptance by the King family only through extraordinary diligence.正是她超人的勤奋让王室家族接受了她。
Annie dreamed an extraordinary dream last night.安妮昨晚做了个奇特的梦。3.This mies the mark
—— This opinion is not to the point.mi mark： fail to hit the target 4.Warren G.Bennis Cultural note：
Warren Gamaliel Bennis(born on March 8, 1925)is an American scholar, organizational consultant and author, widely regarded as a pioneer of the contemporary field of Leadership studies.Bennis is University Profeor and Distinguished Profeor of Busine Administration and Founding Chairman of The Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California.5.The leader necearily deals to a large extent in symbols, and in the sort of galvanizing idea that becomes a force of history.To some degree, the leader’s thoughts and actions are his followers spiritual support and have a great impact on history.6.galvanize： v.to shock or surprise sb.so that they do sth.to solve a problem, improve a situation, etc.Examples:
How can we galvanize the students into taking the responsibility for their work? 我们如何才能激发学生对自己的学习负责呢？
You have superior teaching team, which can galvanize and inspire students potential and creativity.你们拥有很棒的师资，可以激发学生的潜能和创造力。7.indifferent
—— a.not at all interested in sb./sth.Examples:
I don’t think the Council can or should remain indifferent to these serious violations of human rights.我认为议会不能也不应该对这些严重侵犯人权的行为漠不关心。Whether you follow me is indifferent to me.你是否跟随我，对我都无关紧要。8.incapable
—
a.not able to do sth.;lacking capacity or ability Examples:
To be blind is not miserable;incapable of bearing that is.失明本身并不悲惨，不能忍受失明才是悲惨的。Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地去思考。
9.The great cause that grips a leader may be one of creating something new or of preserving something old and often strong leaders on opposite sides of a conflict have causes that collide.—— What a leader engages in may bring a reform or keep something old
but beneficial.Two leaders whose ideas are opposite seek contrary causes.Note：本句末的that collide是定语从句，修饰前面的causes。10.collide：
—— v.1.to come into disagreement;to be opposed
2.to hit sb./sth.that is moving in a different direction from you Examples:
If the aims of two countries collide, there may be war.如果两国目标对立,就有可能爆发战争。Waves collide with rocks.波涛冲击着礁石。
11.The great leader needs insight, foresight, and the willingne to take the bold but calculated risk bold — a.1.not afraid of taking risks and making difficult decisions
2.so confident or determined that you sometimes offend people Examples:
He is bold but cautious and he always keeps calm when anything comes up.他这人胆大心细，遇事不慌。
May I make bold to ask your name, sir? 先生，我能冒昧地问一下您叫什么名字吗？ 12.prevail
—
v.1.(against/over)to gain control or victory;to win a fight
2.(in/among)to exist or be widespread Examples:
Virtue will prevail over evil.善良定将战胜邪恶。
A belief in magic still prevails among some tribes.某些部落至今仍然相信魔法。13.retrospect
—
n.thinking back to a time in the past, especially with the advantage of knowing more now than you did then Examples:
My school life seems happier in retrospect than it seemed at the time.我回忆中的学生生活似乎比我当时所感受到的更加美好。In retrospect, this battle is a turning point in the war.事后看来，这场战役是战争的转折点。14.elusive
—
a.difficult to catch, find, or remember Examples:
A settlement and peace will remain elusive.解决问题，实现和平，仍然是一件遥不可及的事。
As simple as the desire of many people, it is an elusive hope.这样一个许多人都有的简单愿望也是一个难以实现的奢望。15.above all
— most important of all
Above all, he is a good administrator in picking able aistants and laborers.Examples:
The basis for an effective solution of population problems is, above all, socioeconomic transformation.有效地解决人口问题的基础首先是社会经济状况的改变。
最重要的是，他是一个优秀的行政管理人员，善于挑选能干的助手和工人。16.keen
—
a.1.good, strong, quick at understanding
2.wanting to do sth.or wanting sth.to happen very much Examples:
As an interpreter, I should have sharp eyes and keen ears.作为一名翻译, 我要眼观六路耳听八方。She’s keen to get ahead in her career.她渴望在事业上出人头地。17.paralysis by analysis
— Over-analyzing(or over-thinking), so that a decision or action is never taken.18.viewpoint
—
n.1.a particular way of thinking about a problem or subject
2.a place from which you can see sth.Examples:
Honestly, I saw your mother’s viewpoint and quite sympathized with her.This function is especially useful when the camera viewpoint can be freely rotated.当摄像机视点能自由旋转时，这个功能就特别有用。老实讲，我明白你母亲的想法，也很同情她。19.if only
—
used to expre a strong wish Examples:
If only some handsome boy invited me to be his partner at the ball.If only we knew where to look for him!我们要是知道到哪里找他就好了！
要是有个英俊的小伙子邀请我作他的舞伴就好了。20.Adlai Stevenson Cultural note:
Adlai Stevenson(February 5, 1900—July 14, 1965)was an American politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party.He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party’s nomination for president in 1952 and 1956;both times he was defeated by Republican Dwight D.Eisenhower.During the 1952 presidential bid, despite his reluctance to run, he remained the most attractive candidate heading into the 1952 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.21.intensity
—
n.the quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect Examples:
I was amazed at my own intensity and the overwhelming motivation that compelled me to spend a hundred dollars on a total stranger.为一个素不相识的人花100块钱，连我自己都对这执着和强烈的动机感到惊异。The poem shows great intensity of feeling.这首诗表达了强烈的情感。22.sacrifice
—
v.to give up sth.that is important or valuable to sb.in order to get or do sth.that seems more important for oneself or for another person Example:
It is the company’s policy to sacrifice short-term profits for the sake of long-term growth.为长期发展而牺牲短期利益是公司的方针。
