中国和西方的酒文化The Wine Culture Between China and Wester由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“中西方酒文化比较论文”。
中国和西方的酒文化
The Wine Culture Between China and Western Countries Abstract The wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human beings.People’s life becomes colorful with it.As regards the wine culture, there exists difference between China and the western countries.The raw material and drinking custom is different in terms of geography.There also exist similarities.Both China and western countries have some beautiful legends about the origin of wine and the symbol wine of spirit, leading to the birth of romanticism and the development of mainstream belief.The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.Thus, communicating with other nations is helpful and indispensable to the development of wine culture.Three methods can be done to promote intercommunication.Nowadays, as we know, globalization is inevitable, so is the intercommunication of wine culture between countries.Key Words Wine culture;cultural difference;habit of drinking
摘 要
我们对于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用，有了它人们的生活变的多姿多彩。关于酒文化，中国和西方存在着差异。酿酒的原料和喝酒的习俗根据地理位置的不同而不同的。尽管存在着差异，相似处也是有的。中国和西方都有一些关于酒的起源的美丽传说；世界文化现象有着惊人的相似之处，酒已不仅仅是一种客观物质存在，而是一种文化象征，即酒神精神的象征；都导致了浪漫主义的诞生和主流信仰的发展。酒文化的发展离不开各国的交流。和其它国家的交流对酒文化的发展是有利的，也是比不可少的。有三种方法可以增加国际间的交流。众所周知，现在全球化是不可避免的趋势，国际间文化交流也会成为全球化。关键词 酒文化；文化差异；饮酒习惯
Introduction The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire.It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars and the like, all like it since it appeared.Undoubtedly, the wine can be said as a riddle.People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking wine.They regard drinking wine as an indispensable part of life.The formation way of wine culture is different in different countries.In China, the word for alcohol “jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages.Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine.A legend in western countries about the origin of wine is also spread.The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearing of wine.The phrase ”the wine culture“ is put forward by the renowned economist profeor Li in China.In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the wine culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center.While we pride ourselves on the long history of wine culture we only to find that we depend exceively on the traditional wine culture.As a result we can not make any innovation.There is no development and progre without innovation.In this case, we can learn from the western countries.There are varied types of wine with different raw materials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy.Even the cocktail which appeared later is confected based on some types of the wine.It is generally acknowledged that China is far away from the western countries.As a result, the way to drink is different.Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on the way to drink.There is also some similarities of wine culture between China and western countries although the difference exists.For example, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of wine.The development of wine spirit accompanied with wine culture.While wine culture developed to a certain degree, schools of ideology came into being.In order to push the development of wine culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the wine culture.I．The Difference and Similarities of Wine Culture in China and in Western Countries A.The Difference of Wine Culture 1.The Materials
China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of years of history to brew wine.Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of wine and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture.The world people gradually realized the great value of wine culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese wine since the foundation of China.In China, the word for alcohol ”jiu“ is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from ”pijiu“(beer)to liquors(just called ”jiu“)to grape wine(”putaojiu“).The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definitely.The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century.Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.The wine can be generally claified into two types, namely, yellow liquors(huangjiu)or clear(white)liquor(baijiu).The yellow liquor is fermented wine that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat.Such liquor contains le than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration.This wine is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers.Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu.White liquor(baijiu)are also commonly called shaojiu, which means ”hot liquor“ or ”burned liquor“, either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation.There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored.There are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as:
1.1.Feng Jiu--this wine was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties(5500 A.D.).It is the original Chinese white wine made from sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%.1.2.Zhu Ye Qing Jiu--this wine is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more of selected Chinese herbal medicine.One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the wine a greenish color and its name.Alcohol content by volume: 46%.1.3.Mao Tai Jiu--this wine has a production history of over 200 years.It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province.It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling proce that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle.This wine is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.4.Gao Liang Jiu--Gao LIang is the Chinese name for sorghum.Besides sorghum, the brewing proce also use barley, wheat etc.The wine was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty.Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%.Mei Gui Lu Jiu(rose eence wine)--a variety of sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.5.Wu Jia Pi Jiu--a variety of guo liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine added to the brewing.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.6.Da Gu Jiu--originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history.This wine is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique proce for a long period in the cellar.Alcohol content by volume: 52%.1.7.Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu--a rice wine with over 100 years history.It is made of steamed rice and stored a long period after distillation.Alcohol content by volume: 30%.1.8.Shuang Jing(double distillation)and San Jing(triple distillation)Jiu--two varieties of rice wine by distilling twice and three times respectively.Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38--39% respectively.San Hua(three flowers)Jiu--a rice wine made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a thousand years history.It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region.Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%.1.9.Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine--made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice wine distillation.The unique brewing technique uses another wine as raw material.The wine has an orange red color.Alcohol content by volume: 18%.1.10.Hua Diao Jiu--a type of yellow wine originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.It is made of glutinous rice and wheat.Alcohol content by volume: 16%.This is the raw material of wine in China.In western countries, the types of wine are varied so is the raw material Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits.Sylvius Docter, maker of this wine, was a profeor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayton University in the 17th century.He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry contained an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain cheaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally.Not only medicine but it is a new species of wine.Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery.Qinijiu can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production.Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland)or(Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice.The two cases are both very tasty.It is basically made from malt.The flavor came from strawberry.It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.London Qinjiu(Tom Gin)or(London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with malt and grain as raw materials and primary products.Joseph Bournemouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different flavor.British Qinijiu: This wine is not sweet and has not the original savor.The difference British and the United States is an important factor.The British Qinjiu has lower alcohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of loe alcohol distillation.Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different.Which mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.Whisky The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel.Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, hushed wheat, and barley.The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States.Most of these areas have produced whiskey named its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisky(Blended Scotch)and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)
The Types Whiskey: Scotch whisky, Single malt whiskey, Irish whiskey, Tenneee whiskey, Canadian whiskey Brandy Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue.Distilled alcohol content is le than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.”Cognac“ Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy wine distilled from wine in Cognac, French.It named by the French government law.Lyme wine(Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum wine where is abound in sugarcane.Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement.Rum is distilled wine made from sugarcane as the raw material.It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it.It can be divided into three types according to the tint.It is one of the basic wines in confecting cocktail.The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies.Puerto Rico Rum(Puerto Rico)which is famous for its light wine.Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States.Batavian Run(Batavian)is spicy Java Lime liquor.It is special because of the special flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.Hawaiian Rum(Hawaii)is the lightest available wine in the market which is made lately.It is the best beverages with orange juice.With ice and quinine water, Rum is the best beverages in the hot days.At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them celebrate the happine in their lives.In China, a banquet known as ”jiuxi“ means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have pauses for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when the parents invite people in for a drink.When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a busine, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in for a drinking seion.In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drink are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music.Today, drinkers just play simple finger gueing games along with a lot of heavy drinking.It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed.”If we are good friends, then bottom up;if not, then just take a sip“ is a common phrased exchanged during gatherings.As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory.There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.Korean ”aged wine“ The wine is brewing before ”Rosh Hashanah“ which is equal to the New Year of Han people.Rice is the main material of aged wine with the mixture of Ballad, Salamanders and cinnamon and other kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.It is a wine similar to ”Su Tu Wine“ with different prescription medicines.It is used to drink during the spring and to treat people.Drinking this kind of wine is believed to live longevity.2.Major Holiday Drinking Customs Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink ”calamus wine“.Suspended drink ”chrysanthemum wine“.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are eential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.” liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Graes“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was several years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“ Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would aociate toasting people with the face.It there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great effect ion the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.B.The Similarities of Wine Culture 1.Having a Beautiful Legend about the Origin of the Wine.Although there is much difference of wine culture between China and western countries, we can not neglect the similarities.In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the wine.In China, some people think that Du Kang invented the method to make wine with a history of 4000years, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew wine.However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of wine.In the west, though there is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of wine was handed down.It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word ”poison“ to prevent others from eating them.There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time.She opened it and drunk for a few mouths.She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die.Then she told the king the matter.A test is unavoidable.This, of course, is a beautiful legend.But the wine, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.2.The Wine is a Kind of Cultural Symbolism of Wine Spirit.In the second place, the world culture has the surprising similarities.In the realm of literature and art, the wine spirit is everywhere and affects the literature craftsmen deeply in that freene, art and beauty is united.Freene reaches art and art produces beauty.To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channel to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts.Without a doubt, wine occupies an important place in the culture and life of the Chinese people.Wine was intimately connected with most Chinese men of letters.It was also an inseparable part of the life of ordinary Chinese people.The banquets of ancient emperors and kings could not take place without it.Every sort of wine veel thus became an important kind if sacrifice object.Inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells as well as bronze inscriptions preserve many records of Shang-era people worshiping their ancestors with wine.There were many famous Chinese poets or artist who crafted their masterpieces after getting ”drunk“.The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)is known as the ”Immortal of Wine“ because of his love for alcohol.Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking.Early writers liked drinking and thought it as an elegant way to pa the time.Apart from the taste of the drink, they also concentrated on the proce of drinking.They created many games to go with drinking seions involving knowledge of history, literature, music and poetry.In ancient times, before a battle, a general would feast his soldiers with alcohol and meat.If they won the battle, they would be rewarded with good wine.If a warrior fell in battle, his fellows would scatter wine on the ground as part of a memorial ceremony.Lastly, the similarities of ideology flows leads to the birth of Romanticism and the development of the mainstream beliefs.In the west, the worship of Bacus who is the divinity of wine is strengthened in the fight against civilization.The worshiper of Bacus disgusted in the produce of civilization.They longed for intoxication of the body and spirit.As a westerner put it, the great things of man in succe mostly include the element of intoxication.The conflict between prudence and enthusiasm run through the history of the west, so does the worship of drinking wine.Nicai theorize this kind of worship.The romanticism philosophy of the west came into being.In the east, wine culture brought the effect of romanticism.Romanticism stood up to realism all the time although it had not the theoretic philosophy.Poetry is his primogenitor of romanticism in China.When it came to Liangjin, the romantic tinge of wine culture reached its first climax.During the Tang Dynasty, it reached its top.No matter representatives such as from Li Bai, Li Shangyin or Bai Juyi to Su Shi, Xin Qiji og song Dynasty to Zheng Banqiao of Qing Dynasty added abundant color to the brilliant civilization of China.3.The Development of the Mainstream, Beliefs In the west, romanticism brought in mysticism of Christianity.In the ancient Greece, a great many of faith was aociated with Bacus.The worship of the muzzy Bacus was the origin of mysticism in the west, which affected many philosophers and brought enlightenment and to the shapement of theology of Christianity.In the east, the development of Taoism and Zen can not leave wine culture.Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of heaven and man.He sings the absolutely free song with a cup in one hand and another hand writing poems after drinking wine.He would prefer to be the tortoise rather than the horse which was astrict by man.The eence and soul of the spirit of wine is in pursuit of absolute freene and oblivion of interest and honor and shame.II.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture A.Launching International Communication Conference The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following:
Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between profeors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Profeors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.B.Setting the Suitable Rules As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is neceary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.C.Innovation Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the succe we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture exceively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many profeions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profeion of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a succe or a failure is aociated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling and plan of market.It is also neceary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture succefully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectivene of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole proce and protect the mature during the proce of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progreive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or le difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progre of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is neceary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is eential.Profeors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Acknowledgements I am gladly to take this opportunity to expre my thanks to my tutor----Chen Jianghong, who offers me academic advices on composing this paper.Her patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgement.On the proce of composing the paper, she also played an important role in indicating a bright road in my future writing.And I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Ms.Li Liqin, who is my thesis course teacher and gives me some advice on how to write a paper.At the same time, I would like to thank all the leaders and teachers of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures.I do need to thank the persons who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6] 王守国．酒文化与艺术精神[M]．郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006． [7] 铁流．中华酒文化大观[M]．北京：当代中国出版社, 2000． [8] 张爱敬．酒文化[M]．青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999． [9] 张长兴．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社, 2003．
[10] 赵荣光．中国传统酒人形象的历史异变[M]．香港：饮食文化研究出版社, 2002． [11] 蒋雁峰．中国酒文化研究[M]．长沙：湖南师范大学出版社, 2000． [12] 朱迪．带一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：团结出版社, 2005． [13] Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． [14] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．台北：台湾新生报出版社, 2001． [15] 韩胜宝．姑苏酒文化[M]．苏州：古吴轩出版社, 2000．
