齿轮材料的合理选择由刀豆文库小编整理,希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便,猜你可能喜欢“齿轮材料的合理选择”。
齿轮材料的合理选择及热处理
齿轮是现代机械中应用最广泛的一种机械传动零件。齿轮传动通过轮齿互相啮合来传递空间任意两轴间的运动和动力,并可以改变运动的形式和速度。齿轮传动使用范围广,传动比恒定,效率较高,使用寿命长。在机械零件产品的设计与制造过程中,不仅要考虑材料的性能能够适应零件的工作条件,使零件经久耐用,而且要求材料有较好的加工工艺性能和经济性,以便提高零件的生产率,降低成本,减少消耗。如果齿轮材料选择不当,则会出现零件的过早损伤,甚至失效。因此如何合理地选择和使用金属材料是一项十分重要的工作。
齿轮材料的选择和齿轮的工作可靠性、使用寿命、工作效率、润滑要求等密切相关。在齿轮传递动力和改变速度的运动过程中,啮合齿面之间同时存在滚动和滑动摩擦,齿面还受到脉动或交变弯曲应力的作用,还有齿面可能发生磨损、胶合及疲劳破坏,因此要求齿轮具有优良的耐磨性能、抗接触疲劳性能和抗弯曲疲劳性能,即要求齿轮材料表面硬度高、强度高、芯部韧性好且硬化层分布合理。在实际选用中还应根据需要和使用条件如负荷、速度、温度、可靠性、质量、精度、价格等因素来确定齿轮选材。
目前,工业制造领域的齿轮选材主要以钢为主,包括各种低碳钢、中碳钢、高碳钢和合金钢。而铝、镁、钛、铜合金、铸铁,甚至塑料和木材等都可用于制作齿轮。通常,为了改善和提高齿轮材料的性能或降低成本,可以采用化学处理、表面强化处理以及复合处理等表面改性技术。
选取齿轮材料要充分考虑材料的经济性、强度和齿轮精度等,不同设备的需求自然也大为不同。就仪器设备、家用器具、玩具等小负荷齿轮而言,可以选择造价低、生产率高的复合塑料齿轮。而坦克、冷轧机等重负荷执行机械,则需要材料及加工要求更高的各种金属和合金材料。如果在航空航天工业中应用,则要求更高的可靠性、精度和轻重量,制造成本放在次要位置。
下面就主要几类齿轮材料一一进行分析:
1、钢材
齿轮用钢多为合金钢,少数为碳钢。通常为降低成本,可以对中碳钢和低合金钢进行各种热处理以提高其强度和硬度。表面硬化处理亦可提高合金钢齿轮材料的强度,使其适用于高负载和中等温度使用的工况。而当齿轮的使用条件进一步提高时,往往需要对齿轮进行淬火以提高其强度和硬度。或通过表面渗碳及表面氧化处理事齿轮表面硬化,以提高其抗疲劳性能,改善其抗胶合和抗磨性能。就发展趋势而言,应大力推广使用强度和硬度较高的硬齿面齿轮,并通过优化齿轮选材及润滑方式来延长齿轮的使用寿命。
2、铸铁
常用的铸铁主要包括:灰铸铁、球墨铸铁、可煅铸铁和合金铸铁等4种。与钢相比较,铸铁的合金成分较低,加工性能更好。铸铁中存在的游离石墨和多孔性结构使齿轮的耐磨性良好、噪音小、成本低,可以广泛应用于各类齿轮传动。由于铸铁具有的良好滑动特性,在许多负荷不大、工作条件不苛刻的涡轮传动中可用铸铁涡轮替换铜合金涡轮。总而言之,铸铁是经济适用的齿轮材料。
3、有色金属
齿轮工业中应用最多的是有色金属为铜和铜合金。其中常用的是锡青铜和铝铁青铜,大多数用于制造涡轮。但含硫添加剂对铜具有腐蚀作用,应尽量慎用。另外,强度较高和机械加工性能较好的铸造铝合金适合制作齿轮或涡轮,但滑动性和抗磨性能
稍差,因此仅可用于轻、中负荷和中低转速齿轮。
4、非金属材料
目前,随着材料科学的飞速发展,不少非金属材料也越来越多的应用在齿轮产品的制作上,并且某些性能接近或超过了金属材料。比如,过去在较低负荷下使用的木材齿轮,已逐渐被部分聚合物复合材料成功替代,用于制作轻负荷、中负荷条件下运行的中小型齿轮。高聚合物材料在制作中引入了金属、金属氧化物、纳米微粒、增强纤维等,可以大幅度提高在各种润滑条件下的抗摩擦磨损性能。特别是某些要求无油润滑、可靠性高、污染小等条件的领域,如家用电器、医疗器械、食品机械和纺织机械等则更适合以聚合物复合材料制作的齿轮。此外,大批量的生产塑料或塑料金属齿轮可以有效降低生产成本,并且更适用于存在污染及多粉尘的不利环境。
5、粉末烧结金属
粉末烧结金属是指通过在烧结粉末中引入添加剂(如在铁粉中添加铜粉),以提高其强度的一种制备工艺较先进的材料形式。另外,将金属粉末烧结预成型件加热到锻造温度后还可以对零件进行锻造加工,从而使得相应齿轮的强度和力学性能接近由锻造材料制作的齿轮,而成本明显低于机加工或常规锻造工艺,是用于制作高强度齿轮
满足材料的机械性能
材料的机械性能包括强度、硬度、塑性及韧性等,反映材料在使用过程中所表现出来的特性。齿轮在啮合时齿面接触处有接触应力,齿根部有最大弯曲应力,可能产生齿面或齿体强度失效。齿面各点都有相对滑动,会产生磨损。齿轮主要的失效形式有齿面点蚀、齿面胶合、齿面塑性变形和轮齿折断等。因此要求齿轮材料有高的弯曲疲劳强度和接触疲劳强度,齿面要有足够的硬度和耐磨性,芯部要有一定的强度和韧性。
例如,在确定大、小齿轮硬度时应注意使小齿轮的齿面硬度比大齿轮的齿面硬度高30-50HBS,这是因为小齿轮受载荷次数比大齿轮多,且小齿轮齿根较薄,强度低于大齿轮。为使两齿轮的轮齿接近等强度,小齿轮的齿面要比大齿轮的齿面硬一些。
另一方面,根据材料的使用性能确定了材料牌号后。要明确材料的机械性能或材料硬度,然后我们可以通过不同的热处理工艺达到所要求的硬度范围,从而赋予材料不同的机械性能。如材料为40Cr合金钢的齿轮,当840-860℃油淬,540-620℃回火时,调质硬度可达28-32HRC,可改善组织、提高综合机械性能;当860-880℃油淬,240—280℃回火时,硬度可达46-51HRC,则钢的表面耐磨性能好,芯部韧性好,变形小;当500-560℃氮化处理,氮化层0.15-0.6mm时,硬度可达52-54HRC,则钢具有高的表面硬度、高的耐磨性、高的疲劳强度,较高的抗蚀性和抗胶合性能且变形极小;当通过电镀或表面合金化处里后,则可改善齿轮工作表面摩擦性能,提高抗腐蚀性能。
满足材料的工艺性能
材料的工艺性能是指材料本身能够适应各种加工工艺要求的能力。齿轮的制造要经过锻造、切削加工和热处理等几种加工,因此选材时要对材料的工艺性能加以注意。一般来说,碳钢的锻造、切削加工等工艺性能较好,其机械性能可以满足一般工作条件的要求。但强度不够高,淬透性较差。而合金钢淬透性好、强度高,但锻造、切削加工性能较差。我们可以通过改变工艺规程、热处理方法等途经来改善材料的工艺性能。
例如汽车变速箱中的齿轮选择20CrMnTi钢,该钢具有较高的机械性能,在渗碳淬火低温回火后,表面硬度为58-62HRC,芯部硬度为30-45HRC。20CrMnTi的工艺性能较好,锻造后以正火来改善其切削加工性。此外,20 CrMnTi还具有较好的淬透性,由于合金元素钛的影响,对过热不敏感,故在渗碳后可直接降温淬火。且渗碳速度较快,过渡层较均匀,渗碳淬火后变形小。适合于制造承受高速中载及冲击、摩擦的重要零件,因此根据齿轮的工作条件选用20CrMnTi钢是比较合适的。
为了保证齿轮工作的可靠性,提高其使用寿命,齿轮的材料及其热处理应根据工作条件和材料的特点来选取。
对齿轮材料的基本要求是:应使齿面具有足够的硬度和耐磨性,齿心具有足够的韧性,以防止齿面的各种失效,同时应具有良好的冷、热加工的工艺性,以达到齿轮的各种技术要求。
常用的齿轮材料为各种牌号的优质碳素结构钢、合金结构钢、铸钢、铸铁和非金属材料等。一般多采用锻件或轧制钢材。当齿轮结构尺寸较大,轮坯不易锻造时,可采用铸钢。开式低速传动时,可采用灰铸铁或球墨铸铁。低速重载的齿轮易产生齿面塑性变形,轮齿也易折断,宜选用综合性能较好的钢材。高速齿轮易产生齿面点蚀,宜选用齿面硬度高的材料。受冲击载荷的齿轮,宜选用韧性好的材料。对高速、轻载而又要求低噪声的齿轮传动,也可采用非金属材料、如夹布胶木、尼龙等。钢制齿轮的热处理方法主要有以下几种:
1.表面淬火 常用于中碳钢和中碳合金钢,如45、40Cr钢等。表面淬火后,齿面硬度一般为40~55HRC。特点是抗疲劳点蚀、抗胶合能力高,耐磨性好。由于齿心部末淬硬,齿轮仍有足够的韧性,能承受不大的冲击载荷。
2.渗碳淬火 常用于低碳钢和低碳合金钢,如20、20Cr钢等。渗碳淬火后齿面硬度可达56~62HRC,而齿心部仍保持较高的韧性,轮齿的执弯强度和齿面接触强度高,耐磨性较好,常用于受冲击载荷的重要齿轮传动。齿轮经渗碳淬火后,轮齿变形较大,应进行磨齿。
3.渗氮 渗氮是一种表面化学热处理。渗氮后不需要进行其他热处理,齿面硬度可达700~900HV。由于渗氮处理后的齿轮硬度高,工艺温度低,变形小,故适用于内齿轮和难以磨削的齿轮,常用于含铬、铜、铅等合金元素的渗氮钢,如38CrMoAlA。4.调质 调质一般用于中碳钢和中碳合金钢,如45、40Cr、35SiMn钢等。调质处理后齿面硬度一般为220~280HBS。因硬度不高,轮齿精加工可在热处理后进行。5.正火 正火能消除内应力,细化晶粒,改善力学性能和切削性能。机械强度要求不高的齿轮可采用中碳钢正火处理,大直径的齿轮可采用铸钢正火处理。
一般要求的齿轮传动可采用软齿面齿轮。为了减小胶合的可能性,并使配对的大小齿轮寿命相当,通常使小齿轮齿面硬度比大齿轮齿面硬度高出30-50HBS。对于高速、重载或重要的齿轮传动,可采用硬齿面齿轮组合,齿面硬度可大致相同。
材料的经济性要求
所谓经济性是指最小的耗费取得最大的经济效益。在满足使用性能的前提下,选用齿轮材料还应注意尽量降低零件的总成本。我们可以从以下几方面考虑:
从材料本身价格来考虑。碳钢和铸铁的价格是比较低廉的,因此在满足零件机械性能的前提下选用碳钢和铸铁,不仅具有较好的加工工艺性能,而且可降低成本。从金属资源和供应情况来看,应尽可能减少材料的进口量及价格昂贵材料的使用量。
从齿轮生产过程的耗费来考虑。首先,采用不同的热处理方法相对加工费用也不一样,如12CrNi3A钢渗碳表面淬火的费用要比氮化处理的费用少得多,而碳氮共渗又具有生产周期短和成本低的特点。其次,通过改进热处理工艺也可以降低成本。如某齿轮工作时在高速、中载且承受中等冲击条件下,原选用中合金高级渗碳钢18cr2Ni4WA材料,其经过910-940℃渗碳,850℃淬火,180-200℃回火后机械性能的抗拉强度≥1177Mpa、屈服强度≥834Mpa、延伸率≥10%、断面收缩率≥45%,冲击韧性≥980kJ/m2,硬度为58-62HRC。虽能满足齿轮的使用性能和工艺性能,但零件的价格高。现选用价格相对便宜的低碳中合金、中淬透性渗碳钢20CrMnTi。经过910-940℃渗碳,870℃淬火,180-200℃回火后机械性能的抗拉强度≥1100Mpa、屈服强度≥850Mpa、延伸率≥10%、断面收缩率≥45%,冲击韧性≥680,硬度为58-62HRC。仅此一项改进,材料费用不仅大大降低,而且满足了其使用性能和工艺性能。第三,所选钢种应尽量少而集中,以便采购和管理。随着齿轮形状、尺寸和材料向着多品种、多系列和个性化的方向发展,尤其是在型号多、产量小时,在齿轮锻造、机加工和热处理等生产工艺方面,存在着设计量大,生产周期长、效率低、成本高、能耗大、管理难和质量不易保证等不利状况,因此在齿轮选材时精选、优选和压缩材料牌号和规格有利于提高选材通用化、系列化和标准化程度,提高材料的利用率,提高材料采购的计划性,以减少库存积压、加快资金流动,方便储存和保管以及降低材料的成本消耗。最后,我们还可以通过改进工艺来提高经济效益。如模锻件生产的模锻工艺已突破传统工艺的要求,在提供成型毛坯时,可利用少无切削工艺,模锻与机械精加工相结合,部分或全部取代切削加工直接生产零件,或在生产中采用成组技术与工艺,也可提高产品质量、生产效率和降低成本。
结束语
综上所述,在选择齿轮材料时。必须了解我国工业发展形式,结合我国资源和生产条件,从实际出发,全面考虑机械性能、工艺性能和经济性等方面的问题,只有合理选材才能保证齿轮质量、降低产品成本,从而提高市场竞争力。
Gear reasonable choice of materials
Gears is the most widely used in modern machines of a mechanical transmiion parts.Gears meshing with each other to pa through the tooth space between any two axes of motion and momentum and can change the form of movement and speed.The use of a wide range of gear, transmiion ratio constant, higher efficiency and long service life.In the mechanical parts product design and manufacturing proce, not only to consider the properties of the materials to adapt parts of the working conditions, so that parts durable and require materials proceing technology better performance and economy in order to improve parts productivity, reduce costs and reduce consumption.If the improper gear material selection occurs early parts damage and even failure.Therefore, rational selection and use of metal materials is a very important task.To meet the mechanical properties of materials
Materials, mechanical properties, including strength, hardne, ductility and toughne, which reflects the materials used in the proce of demonstrated features.When in the meshing gear tooth contact at a contact stre, the maximum tooth root bending stre is likely to produce physical strength of gear tooth surface or failure.Tooth surface points have a relative sliding, will produce wear and tear.The main failure in the form of gear tooth surface pitting, tooth bonding, tooth Miansu deformation and tooth fracture, etc..Therefore requested the material has a high gear bending fatigue strength and contact fatigue strength, tooth surface should have sufficient hardne and wear resistance, the core department to have a certain strength and toughne.For example, in determining the large and small gear hardne should pay attention to the small gear tooth surface hardne than the big gear tooth surface hardne of high 30-50HBS, this is because the small number of gear by the load more than the big gear and pinion tooth root more thin, the intensity below the large gear.For close to two gear teeth of equal strength, the small gear tooth surface than the large number of gear tooth surface hard.Proce performance to meet the material
On the other hand, the use of the material properties of the material to determine, after grades.To clear the mechanical properties of materials or material hardne, and then we can be of different heat treatment proce to achieve the required hardne range, giving the mechanical properties of different materials.Such as material for the 40Cr alloy steel gears, when the 840-860 ℃ oil quenching ,540-620 ℃ tempered when quenched and tempered hardne of up to 28-32HRC, can improve the organization and improve the comprehensive mechanical properties;as 860-880 ℃ oil quenching ,240-280 ℃ tempered, the hardne of up to 46-51HRC, then the steel surface, good wear resistance, toughne of the core department is good, distortion is small;as 500-560 ℃ nitrogen treatment, nitrogen levels when 0.15-0.6mm hardne of up to 52-54HRC, the steel has a high surface hardne, high wear resistance, high fatigue strength, high corrosion resistance and anti-seizure performance and minimal distortion;as by electroplating or surface alloying at years later, can improve the friction performance gear work surface to improve corrosion resistance.Materials, proce performance refers to the material itself to adapt to a variety of proceing technology requirements.The manufacture of gears to go through forging, machining and heat treatment of several proceing, and therefore selection proce when the material properties of attention.In general, carbon steel forging, machining and other proce performance is better, its mechanical properties can meet the requirements of the general working conditions.But the intensity is not high enough hardenability is poor.The steel has good hardenability, high strength, but the forging, machining performance is poor.We can order by changing the proce, heat treatment methods to improve the material via proce performance.For example, in the automobile transmiion gear selection 20CrMnTi steel, the steel has high mechanical properties, in the low-temperature tempering cementite after quenching, the surface hardne of 58-62HRC, the Ministry of core hardne 30-45HRC.20CrMnTi proce performance is better, normalizing after forging to improve its cutting properties.In addition, 20 CrMnTi also has good hardenability, due to the impact of titanium alloy elements on the overheating is not sensitive, so in the direct cooling after carburizing quenching.And the carburizing faster, more even transition layer, carburizing quenching distortion small.Suitable for the manufacture of affordable high-speed upload and the impact of friction of the important parts, therefore, according to the working conditions of gear selection 20CrMnTi steel is more appropriate.Material requirements of economic The so-called economy is the least cost to achieve maximum economic benefits.The use of performance in meeting under the premise of selected material should also note that gear to minimize the total cost of spare parts.We can see from the following aspects:
From the material itself the price into consideration.The price of carbon steel and cast iron is relatively inexpensive, and therefore to meet the parts under the premise of the mechanical properties of selected carbon steel and cast iron, not only has good performance, proceing technology, but also reduce costs.From the metal resources and supply situation, should be to minimize the import of materials and the use of expensive materials.From the gear to consider the cost of the production proce.First of all, using different heat treatment methods are not the same as the relative proceing costs, such as 12CrNi3A the cost of steel carburized surface quenching than the cost of dealing with much le nitrogen and carbonitriding but also has a short production cycle and low cost characteristics.Second, by improving the heat treatment proce can also reduce costs.If a gear work in high-speed, contain and withstand the impact of secondary conditions, the original selection of high-level case-hardened steel alloy 18cr2Ni4WA materials, 910-940 ℃ after carburizing, 850 ℃ quenching ,180-200 ℃ annealed mechanical properties of The tensile strength ≥ 1177Mpa, yield strength ≥ 834Mpa, elongation ≥ 10%, cro section shrinkage ≥ 45%, impact toughne ≥ 980kJ/m2, hardne 58-62HRC.Although the use of gears to meet the performance and proce performance, but the high cost of spare parts.Is chosen relatively inexpensive, low-carbon alloy, the hardenability of case-hardened steel 20CrMnTi.After 910-940 ℃ carburizing, 870 ℃ quenching ,180-200 ℃ annealed mechanical properties of tensile strength ≥ 1100Mpa, yield strength ≥ 850Mpa, elongation ≥ 10%, cro section shrinkage ≥ 45%, impact toughne ≥ 680 , hardne 58-62HRC.This alone improved, cost of materials not only greatly reduced, and their use to meet performance and proce performance.Third, the selection of steel should be minimal and concentrated, for the procurement and management.With the gear shape, size and material toward multi-species, multi-family and personality in the direction of development, especially in the model number, production hours, in the gear forging, machining and heat treatment in the production proce, there is a large amount of design, production and a long cycle, low efficiency, high cost, large energy consumption, management difficulties and disadvantages of quality aurance is not easy, so when the selection of gear selection, optimization and compreion materials, grades and specifications help to improve selection universal, serialization and standardization , improve material utilization, improve material procurement planning, in order to reduce the backlog of inventory, speed up financial flows, to facilitate storage and custody of and reducing the cost of materials consumed.Finally, we can also improve the proce to enhance economic efficiency.Such as the production of forging parts forging proce has been broken through the traditional proce requirements, in the provision of molding blank, to be used le or non-cutting proce, forging and mechanical finishing combination of some or all of the direct production of spare parts to replace the cutting proce, or in the production of the use of group technology and proce can also improve product quality, production efficiency and reduce costs.Conclusion
In summary, the choice of gear materials.Must understand the form of China's industrial development, combined with our resources and production conditions, from reality, take full account of the mechanical properties, proce performance and economy and other aspects of the problem, and only a reasonable gear selection can ensure quality and reduce product cost, thus enhancing market competitivene 齿轮是机械中广泛应用的传动零件之一,形式很多,应用广泛,齿轮传动具有传动功率大,传动效率高,结构紧凑,传动比准确,使用寿命长,工作可靠等优点,在一定程度上标志着机械工程的技术水平,由于齿轮传动在整个国民经济中的地位和作用,齿轮被公认为工业和工业化的标志。从零件的失效情况看,齿轮也是最容易出现故障的零件之一,齿轮传动在运行工况会发生齿轮折断,齿面磨损,齿面点蚀,齿面胶合,塑性变形等,很多问题,导致传动性能失效,进而引发严重的事故。
传动齿轮的复杂应力情况和变形机理成为齿轮设计困难的最主要原因,而有限元理论和各种有限元软件的出现,