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英文背诵经典５０篇（带翻译）珍贵值得收藏
>01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Profeional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique.For musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm: two entirely different movements.Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percuion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfle authority.Technique is of no use unle it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.01 音乐的语言
画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。
一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。
音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处：他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。他们还必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。
艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于 可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。
>02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Neverthele, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong proce, a proce that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized proce, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take aigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their claes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized proce of schooling.上学与受教育
在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。
与上学相比，教育更具开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。传授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。
人们从幼时起就开始受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开始了。教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范围的限制。例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的限制的。
>03 The Definition of “Price” Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including
labor, profeional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system” of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or le upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.“价格”的定义
价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给手段。
美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。所有这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。
如果随机挑选一群人，问问他们如何定义“价格”，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出的钱数。换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。该定义就其本身来说自有其道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大量“ 非货币”因素的影响。买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、交货条款、退赔权利等等。也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价格的通盘细节。
>04Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-
only to rise once again
to the surface of near consciousne some 80 minutes later.睡眠
睡眠是人每天日常活动循环的一部分。人的睡眠分几个阶段，而这些阶段也是循环发 生的。如果你是一个正常的睡眠者，你的睡眠循环会这样进行。
在你开始昏昏入睡时，你 的眼睛会滚动几下，体温略有下降，肌肉放松，呼吸变得缓慢而有节奏。除了开始几分钟 比较快的α节奏外，脑电波也稍有减缓。
这被称为第一阶段睡眠。在随后约半小时内，你 进一步放松，进入第二和第三阶段睡眠。睡眠越深入，脑电波就越缓慢。大约在开始睡眠 后的 40 到
分钟，你将进入沉睡状态。这时的脑电波表现为巨大的缓波，被称为δ节奏。这就是第四阶段睡眠。但你并不是整夜都保持这种沉睡状态。入睡后约
分钟左右，你 的大脑运动水平会再度略有提高。δ节奏消失，并被脑电波的运动图形取代。你的眼睛会
在闭着的眼睑下迅速转动，就好象你在看着眼前发生的什么事情。这种迅速的眼球运动持 续约 8～15 分钟，这一阶段睡眠被称之为快速眼动(REM)睡眠。
在 REM 睡眠阶段，你的肢 体会很快再度放松，呼吸也再次放慢并变得有节奏，你会轻松地从第一阶段滑入第四阶段睡 眠-直到大约 80 分钟后重新接近清醒状态。>50 Cells and Temperature Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme
systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37 ℃;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperature.Ways of
characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into
“warm
blooded” and “cold
blooded” species;warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied, it became evident that this claification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana--each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body
temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms.But this claification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their
body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.细胞与温度 细胞只能在一定的温度范围内存活，而进一步保证它们有效工作的温度范围就更小了。
哺乳动物和鸟类的酶系统只能在 37℃左右的很小范围内才能有效工作。与此相差仅几度的 温度都会大大削弱它们的工作效率。
尽管温度变化更大时细胞仍能存活，但机体系统的整 体运行能力却被削弱了。其它动物对体温的变化有更强的适应性。几个世纪以来，人们就
认识到哺乳动物和鸟类调节体温的方式与其它动物不同。随着时间的推移，人们对这种差
异的描述越来越精确和有意义，但是“暖血动物”和“冷血动物”这一古老的分类方式至今仍在 大众词汇中有所反映。
暖血动物包括哺乳动物和鸟类，其它动物统统被视为冷血动物。但 是对更多物种进行的研究表明这种分类显然是不适当的。美洲一种小型蜥蜴和沙漠鬣蜥同
属冷血动物，但实际上它们的体温通常只比人类的体温低 1～2 度，因此并不是真正的冷血。
因此又出现了恒温动物(即保持恒定体温的动物)和变温动物(即体温随外界环境的变化而改 变的动物)这一区分方式。但这种分类也不恰当。
因为有不少哺乳动物在冬眠期间会改变 体温，而许多生活在深海的无脊椎动物在寒冷的深海水域中体温并不变化，而是恒定的。
