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John Snow was a famous doctor in London-______ expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal ______(physical).But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the ______(die)disease of its day.Neither its cause ______ its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time ______ was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and ______(solve)this problem.He knew that cholera would never ______(control)until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that ______(poible)explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated ______ until it found its ______(victim).The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct ______ he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his ______(enquire).______ the disease spread quickly through poor ______(neighbor), he began to gather information.In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places ______ all the dead people ______(live).This gave him ______ valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the ______(die)were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)______(have)no deaths.He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They ______(give)free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that ______ came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street ______(remove)the handle ______from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He ______(show)that cholera was spread by germs and not in ______ cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found ______(support)evidence from two other deaths that ______(link)to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.______ she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce ______ certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies ______(examine).The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind ______(confuse).Although he ______(try)to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led ______ the same conclusion: ______ the earth was not the centre of the solar system.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the ______(power)Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such ______ idea.They believed God had made the world and ______ that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed ______(stop), move backward and then go forward ______ a loop.Others appeared ______(bright)at times and le bright at others.This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.In 1514 he showed it ______(private)to his friends.The changes he made ______ the old theory were revolutionary.He placed a ______(fix)sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.He also suggested that the earth ______(spin)as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the ______(bright)of the stars.His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ______(idea), but Copernicus was cautious.He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it ______ he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right ______(careful).The Christian Church rejected his theory, ______(say)it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked.Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link ______ his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.People may wonder ______ different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales ______(link)to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales included ______ well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”.Happily this was accomplished ______ conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early ______(twenty)century to form the United Kingdom ______ getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.______, the southern part of Ireland was ______(willing)and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined ______ England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this ______(show)to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.______ their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg, the currency and international relations), ______ they still have very different institutions.For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different ______(education)and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and ______ convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France ______(call)the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population ______(settle)in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as ______ in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.______ historical architecture you have to go to ______(old)but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you ______(find)out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with ______(it)museums, art ______(collect), theatres, parks and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has ______(old)port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building ______(began)by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There ______(be)four sets of invaders of England.The first ______(invade), the Romans, left their towns and roads.The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government.The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words ______ food.If you look ______ the British countryside you will find ______(evident)of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom ______(enjoy)and worthwhile.Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu ______(make)a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.Her first delight was going to the Tower.It was built long ago ______ the Norman invaders of AD 1066.Fancy!This solid stone, square tower had remained ______(stand)for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around ______, it remained part of a royal palace and prison ______(combine).To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers ______, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire ______ London in 1666.It looked splendid when first built!Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting.It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare.Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard ______ famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ______(ring)out the hour.She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London.Oh, she had so much ______(tell)her friends!
The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that ______(set)the world time.What interested her most was the longitude line.It is an ______(imagine)line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very ______(use)for navigation.It ______(pa)through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery.It seemed strange that the man who ______(develop)communism should have lived and died in London.Not only that, ______he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum.Sadly the library had moved from its original place ______ another building and the old reading room was gone.But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures ______(display)in the museum.When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects ______ show, she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London ______ Windsor Castle.“Perhaps I will see the Queen?” she wondered as she fell asleep.
