口语_资料_礼仪由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“商务礼仪口语”。
Simulate a dialogue at a banquet between Chinese host and your busine partner from other countries with help of the following information.As regards the introduction of Chinese famous dishes / snacks / local flavor, the introduction of Hot Dry Noodle is just an example for you to follow.Use other favorite food than the one given in your dialogue.Please also include in your dialogue a speech of toast.Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China, and are now used in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.Chopsticks are smoothed and frequently tapered, and are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood, or stainle steel.Chopsticks are held in the dominant hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger.The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks.Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.Chinese etiquette When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth. It is acceptable to transfer food to closely related people(e.g.grandparents, parents, spouse, children, or significant others)if they are having difficulty picking up the food.Also it is a sign of respect to pa food to the elderly first before the dinner starts.Often, family members will transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to a relative's bowl as a sign of caring.A variation of this is to transfer the food whilst using one's own bowl as a
support, underneath the food and chopsticks to keep food from falling or dripping, then transferring from there to a relative's bowl.It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl;beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.It is impolite to spear food with a chopstick.Anything too difficult to be handled with chopsticks is traditionally eaten with a spoon.It is considered poor etiquette to point rested chopsticks towards others seated at the table.Chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the ritual of incense-burning that symbolizes “feeding” the dead and death in general.Holding chopsticks incorrectly will reflect badly on a child's parents, who have the responsibility of teaching their children.Traditionally, everyone would use their own chopsticks to take food from the dishes to their own bowl, or to pa food from the dishes to the elders' or guests' bowls.Today, serving chopsticks(公筷, “community-use chopsticks”)are used.These are used to take food directly from serving dishes;they are returned to the dishes after one has served oneself.When seated for a meal, it is common custom to allow elders to take up their chopsticks before anyone else.Chopsticks should not be used upside-down;it is “acceptable” to use them 'backwards' to stir or transfer the dish to another plate(if the person does not intend to eat it).This method is used only if there are no serving chopsticks.One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor form.Resting chopsticks at the top of the bowl means “I've finished”.Resting chopsticks on the side of one's bowl or on a chopstick stand signifies one is merely taking a break from eating.As in China, there is a specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and company hierarchy.The seat of honor, reserved for the guest with the highest status or a foreign guest of honor, is usually the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Others with higher status then sit in close proximity to the seat of honor, while those with lower positions sit further away.The host takes the least prominent seat, generally the one nearest the kitchen entrance or service door.The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters of timber or 25 million fully grown trees every year.In April 2006, the People's Republic of China imposed a five percent tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by over-consumption.This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using sweet gum and poplar wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and are appealing to Asian consumers.The USA also has an abundance of wood, reducing the number of trees that are cut down in Asia.+++++++++++++++++++++
All the world is divided into three parts-finger-feeders, chopstick feeders and fork feeders.WHy people fall into these categories, however, is a mystery.Fork-feeders are most numerous in Europe, North America and Latin America;chopstick-feeders in most of eastern Asia;and finger-feeders in much Africa, Middle East, Indonesia and India.This means that fork feeders are outnumbered two to one.Fork-users have historically been in the minority.People have eaten with their fingers for most of human existence.As little as three centuries ago, most Western Europeans still used their fingers.French historian Fernanad Braudel tells of a preacher in Germany who lived during the Middle Ages.The preacher thought the fork was evil and called it a “diabolical luxury”;God would not have given us fingers if he had wished us to use such an instrument.Fork user and chopstick won favor because they made it easier to handle hot food.Before these instrument, people usually ate hot food with a piece of flat bread.The exception was in China, where flat bread was probably not eaten.According to Dr.K.Chang of Harvard University, Chinese food was served in small portions which didn't require cutting with a knife or fork.These was, however, a need for food to be carried from bowl to mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.The fork made its way to Western tables several hundred years later, but it wasn't immediately accepted.Forks were used for many years in Europe and Near East, but only as kitchen implements.Although the fork entered society on the tables o rich and well-born, many members of royalty, including Elizabeth I of England and Louis XIV of France, ate with their fingers.What is the best way of getting food into the mouth? How you are eating food and why? ++++++++++++++++++ The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary deerts, high-fat foods, and refined grains.It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, and higher intakes of proceed meat.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining
In most traditional Chinese dining, dishes are communal.Although both square and rectangular tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups, particularly in restaurants, in order to permit easy sharing.Lazy Susans are a common feature.A basic place-setting consists of a small teacup;a large plate with a small, empty rice bowl;a set of chopsticks, usually on the right of the plate;and a spoon.Additions may include a chopstick holder;a large water or wine gla;and a smaller gla for baijiu.At homes and low-end restaurants, napkins may consist of tiues or rolls of toilet paper on the table or need to be provided by the diner.High-end restaurants often provide cloth napkins similar to western dining as part of the place-setting.In all settings, toothpicks may be provided at each setting or in a communal holder.Courses Wide variations exist throughout China, but the vast majority of full-course dinners are very similar in terms of timing and dishes.Snacks Snacks are the first items presented.Two or more small dishes are brought to the table, holding boiled unsalted peanuts, salted roasted peanuts, pickled vegetables, or similar dishes.These may be consumed while ordering or while waiting for other dishes to arrive.Beverages Tea is almost always provided, either in advance of the diners' being seated or immediately afterward.It can be consumed at leisure throughout the meal.(Water is sometimes served, but tea is the default beverage.)A verbal thank you(谢谢)may be offered to the server pouring the refill or, if in the middle of a conversation where it would be rude to interrupt the speaker, the table may be tapped twice with two bent fingers instead.Other drinks are not typically ordered in advance of the food and are usually served by the pitcher or large bottle, to be poured into the glaes on the table.Bottles of beer and baijiu will similarly be opened and left on the table among the diners, to be shared among their glaes.In many areas, it is common to offer alcoholic beverages only to the adult men among the diners, although women may request to be served as well.Main course This typically consists of many dishes, usually roughly one dish per person.White rice is provided in small bowls and food is often consumed over it, flavoring it with their sauces.The rice is consumed little by little along with the other dishes and not separately, unle the diner remains hungry after the last dish has been removed.A soup may also be served as one of the dishes.At small meals, especially at home, it may replace the diners' beverage entirely.Starch Near the end of the meal, a starch dish – noodles, Chinese dumplings, or baozi – is sometimes served.Deert Sweet after-dinner deerts are not a part of traditional Chinese meals but are becoming more common, especially among younger diners and among the Shanghainese, who are well known in China for their sweet tooth.Digestive or palate-cleansing snacks such as red bean soup or small watermelon slices remain more common at formal Chinese dinners, though, and many restaurants do not even offer deert.Manners and customs
Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships.Proper etiquette is very important to traditional Chinese people, who feel good manners invite luck and boorish conduct shame.Although many Maoist programs aimed to curtail traditional social practices, today table etiquette is again taken as an indication of educational status, so that(for example)a child misusing her chopsticks at a formal dinner might embarra her family, who are responsible for teaching her.Inviting guests Although individual households may have their own house rules, the Chinese traditions used to welcome guests are the largely same throughout the country.[3][4] There are common rules for inviting guests over.When the guest of honor enters into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated.The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent.When the dishes arrive, the meal begins with a toast from the host, and the guests then make a toast in turn in the honor of the host.The guest of honor should be the first one to start the meal.The best food in a dish should be left for the guest of honor.Seating Seating arrangement is one of the most important parts of Chinese dining etiquette.The seat of honor is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to this position and those of lower position sit further away.The seat to the guest of honor's left is slightly more prestigious than that to his right.During the Qing dynasty, the arrangements could be quite complex but were generally ordered(1)members of the imperial government,(2)members of the local government,(3)other local leaders(such as heads of trade aociations), and(4)other commoners.Today, when a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.Dining Drinking Water and other non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed at anytime.However, in formal settings, alcohol should be consumed during toasts.A modest toast may be followed by a single sip of wine or swallow of beer, but a baijiu toast is often ended with Ganbei!(干杯): an exhortation to drain the gla.Ideally, glaes are refilled immediately following a toast in preparation for the next.Toasting During the first toast of the night, particularly when addreed to everyone present, all stand.Women and children do not normally drink alcohol, even when the toast is being made with baijiu, but participate in the toast with whatever beverage they have.If the guests are few in number, or are seated at a small table, touching glaes is common.At a large table or when the toastees are too great in number or too far away, this is impoible and simply raising a gla is acceptable.A variant is to tap the bottom of the gla against the table, whereupon the toastee will do the same.This acts as a substitute for touching glaes.Toasts and counter-toasts continue to be made throughout the dinner.At large settings, it is customary for the guests of honor and host to visit each table(or be visited by each table)for a personal toast.If the guest of honor is not elderly or of considerably greater status, the other guests may sometimes collude to toast him individually in order to cause him to become drunk.Lazy Susan
A lazy Susan is a circular rotating tray placed at the center of a table and used to easily share a large number of dishes among the diners.A lazy Susan can be made from many materials, but most often are constructed of gla, wood, or plastic.It is typically for all the dishes for a course to be brought out together and placed around the lazy Susan.If the dishes come out one at a time or if there is some special delicacy, they are typically served to the guest of honor first and then rotated clockwise around the table.The host will often wait to serve himself last.Dishes should typically not be removed from the lazy Susan and placed on the table: at most, one should hold the dish aloft while serving and then return it to its place on the tray.One should try to avoid moving the lazy Susan even slightly when someone is in the act of transferring food from the dishes to their plate or bowl.Likewise, it is impolite to hoard or use up all of a dish until it has been offered to everyone and the other diners clearly do not care for it.For this reason, it is common to take a smaller amount from the dishes on the first round and to keep the other diners in mind when taking a larger second helping.Chopsticks Anybody who doesn't know how to use chopsticks is generally considered a “mongoloid,” and they are heavily frowned upon by society.It is akin to being a leper in Western culture.Personal Since chopsticks(and spoons)are used in place of forks and knives, Chinese cuisine tends to serve dishes in bite-size pieces or employ cooking techniques that render dishes such as fish or hong shao rou soft enough to be picked apart easily.Some common etiquette is: Avoid holding the chopsticks in such a way as to point your index or(worse)middle finger at the other diners, as this is a sign of anger or censure(仙人指路) Chopsticks should always be the same length and held so that the ends are even, a practice popularly explained as due to the former use of uneven boards(三長兩短)in Chinese coffins Similarly, do not leave chopsticks sticking upright out of dishes, owing to a Chinese practice of leaving such dishes for the dead. Do not chew on the ends of chopsticks, even if they are plastic. Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates. Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.It implies you are a beggar or a child. Treat chopsticks as extension of your fingers.It is impolite to use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around. Unle they are disposable, chopsticks will be washed and reused.Consequently, don't use them to pick at your teeth or for other unseemly endeavors. Avoid spearing food with the chopsticks. One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor manners. When not in use, and if the restaurant provides them, place the front end of the chopsticks on the chopstick rests.These are usually small ceramic rests placed near your napkin on the right hand side of your bowl.Communal
Photo showing serving chopsticks(gongkuai)on the far right, personal chopsticks(putongkuai)in the middle, and a spoon.Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones.At most formal meals, there are likely pairs of communal serving chopsticks(公筷, gongkuai).These are sets of chopsticks specifically for shared dishes only.Often, these will be distinct from the putongkuai(regular chopsticks)in that they will be longer and more ornate.There will sometimes be one set of communal chopsticks per dish or one set per course.The ratio varies. If there are communal chopsticks available, do not use your personal ones in shared dishes.While that is a common practice in China, by having communal chopsticks at the table, your hosts are expecting you to use them.Using your personal chopsticks when there are communal chopsticks available is considered rude and unhygienic, as you are transferring your saliva with your chopsticks.If you accidentally start using the shared chopsticks as your own, as soon as you notice it, quickly apologize for it and ask if it would be poible to obtain another pair of shared chopsticks. If there are no communal chopsticks, some hosts prefer you to use the thick end of your chopsticks for the shared dishes.This again avoids transferring saliva into the common dishes. If in doubt about the communal chopsticks situation, watch what the others do, using small talk if neceary to stall for time. Once the tips of the chopsticks have touched food, do not leave them on the table.Since communal chopsticks may not have their own chopstick rests, you may need to rest it against the edge of the dish.As with personal chopsticks, though, do not place them upright in the food itself.Tea
Hold the teapot lid in place when pouring the tea from ceramic or porcelain teapots.Unlike metal teapots, the lids are not attached on ceramic teapots, and they will fall out. One should not point the spout of the teapot directly at others: this has the same as using the finger to point at somebody, which is considered very impolite;sometimes, it also means that this person(the one being pointed at)is not welcome in the house.Obviously, at a circular table, the teapot mouth must point at someone, but it is not supposed to point directly to the person on the left or right of the teapot.Acro a table does not count, so it is fine. When someone is using a teapot to pour tea for the others, he should hold the teapot with his right hand and pre the teapot lid with another hand to show his honour and sedatene.This also prevents the teapot lid from falling into the cup or onto the table. If you are getting tea for yourself, make sure to ask others first, if they would like some more tea.Then serve yourself after you have served them. If you are not pouring your own tea, but at a restaurant where the service attentative, in the region of south China(especially Canton and Hong Kong)the one who gets the tea uses the knuckles of his first and middle fingers to tap the table two or three times to show his thankfulne.This looks similar to knocking on a door, but don't knock as heavily as if it were a door.It is a tap, not a knock;the motion resembles a knock. Using the tea to force the visitor out(Chinese: 端茶送客): there was a rule in Qing Dynasty’s officialdom as “the tea that given by the bo shouldn't be taken”.If the bo give tea to his subordinate by his own hands(normally that would given by a servant), that means he is impatient to the subordinate, and the subordinate should leave immediately.If the bo is visiting the subordinate by his house, the subordinate must not give the tea to the bo by his own hands, either, because that’s very impolite and means to force the visitor out. When the tea has run out, and requires more hot water, you may leave the lid ajar but still on the teapot—this is a signal for the attendant to refill the teapot.Do not entirely remove the lid and then place the lid of the teapot on the table directly.The lid touching the table is allowing good luck to escape, and also the table might be dirty.Do not leave a teapot with the lid ajar in the middle of the table.It should be towards the side of the table so that the attendant may refill it without reaching acro patrons in an invasive/taking manner.Toothpick etiquette Unlike the many nations in the West, a hand must be placed over the mouth while using a toothpick in order to conceal the action.Not doing so is considered rude.Used toothpicks should be placed on a part of your bowl or plate that you do not intend to use again later.They should not be left on the tablecloth for the waitre to then have to pick, nor thrown on the floor.Throwing toothpicks on the floor is rude to the restaurant.Throwing toothpicks on the tablecloth is inconsiderate to the servers.Bill
In most restaurants in Chinese countries, there is no tip required unle it is explicitly posted.Usually, if there is a tip required, it will already be on your bill.In Chinese restaurants in the USA though, tips are usually expected.If you are not certain, ask the waitre or watch the other customers.Guests should not truly “split the bill” with the host.A guest who “split(s)the bill” is very ungracious and embarraing to the host.If you do not accept the host paying for the bill, it is implying that the host cannot afford it or you do not accept the friendship or hospitality of the host.However, it is expected for the guest to offer to pay for the meal multiple times, but ultimately allow the host to pay.It is also unacceptable to not make any attempt to “fight for” the bill.Not fighting for the bill means you think that the host owes that meal to you somehow.Therefore, if you are the guest, always fight for the bill but never win it on the first meal in your host's hometown.After the first meal at your host's hometown, and sometime before you leave, it is customary to bring the host's family to a meal out to thank them for your stay if you did not bring initial small presents for them when you arrived.For that meal, you may pay, but you must request your host's attendance and cooperation with allowing you to cover that particular meal.If you and an acquaintance are on a busine trip, it is acceptable to split the bill, but more common to rotate who pays for the meal, with meals of similar cost.Though it is a rotation, there is still the same mock-fight for the bill.The difference is that you may say, “Fine fine, since you are my elder, this is fine this time, but the next meal, I cover.” Or something to that effect and pay for the next meal.This rotation does not have to be a meal necearily.For example, you may rotate a meal and a game of golf.The key to the rotation being viewed as acceptable or not, is the enjoyment both parties actually get from the activity, and the approximate cost.Golf would not be an acceptable rotation if the other person does not enjoy golf, is rather bad at it while you are excellent at it, etc.Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in central China.“Reganmian” has a long history in Chinese food culture for 80 years.It is a typical breakfast food in Wuhan, and is often sold in street carts in residential areas.Breakfasts such as Reganmian are available from as early as 5am and are served until midnight(breakfast turns into snacks at night)in Wuhan.The noodle is inexpensive thus remaining as a popular breakfast choice in Wuhan.The recipe for hot dry noodles is different from cold noodles and noodles in soup.Firstly mix the cooked noodles with oil and dry them.When they are about to be eaten, scald the prepared noodles in boiled water, mix them with condiments, and the noodles will be ready to eat.The finished hot dry noodles are firm and chewy, golden and oily, savory and fresh.It is made of noodles called jianmian(碱面)with a mixture of sauces and dried vegetables.Many stalls that make reganmian will have their own variations in seasoning, creating signature tastes for individual stands or localities.Reganmian restaurants stand all over the city.Among them, Cai Lin Ji(蔡林记)is the most time-honored.Established in 1930, Cai Lin Ji survives much competition and wins the current reputation with its selected materials and refined proceing techniques.It has over 20 chain stores in Wuhan.The typical bowl of reganmian will have soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables, chopped garlic chives and chili oil.Reganmian is a popular local breakfast sold in road-side stalls or from push-carts.Reganmian is popular for locals for every season of the year as breakfast, lunch, dinner or just a snack.Wuhan's reganmian, along with Shanxi's daoxiaomian(刀削面: knife-cut noodles), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as “China's five famous noodles.” In 2013, Wuhan Reganmian was rated No.1 in a contest for China's Top 10 famous noodles.
