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Artificial intelligence人工智能 Paper-tape reader纸带阅读机 Optical computer 光计算机 Neural network 神经网络 Instruction set 指令集
Parallel(serial)proceing 并行（串行）处理 ActiveX control ActiveX控件
Addreing capability 寻址能力 High resolution 高分辨率
Amount of memory 内存量
The storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理
Very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路 Black box 黑盒 Audio card 音频卡
Analogue computer 模拟计算机 Digital computer 数字计算机
General-purpose computer 通用计算机 proceor chip 处理器芯片
operating instructions 操作说明
BIOS(Basic Input Output System)BIOS（基本输入输出系统）Circuit board 电路板 Beta testing 测试
Thin-client computer 瘦客户机 Cell phone 手机
Digital video(DV)数字视频（DV）Pentium proceor 奔腾处理器 Virtual screen 虚拟屏幕
Desktop computer specifications 桌面电脑规格 Radio frequency 无线电频率 Wearable computer 可穿戴计算机 Windows registry Windows注册表 Swap file 交换文件
TMP(temporary)file 川芎嗪（临时）文件 Power plug(socket)电源插头（插座）Control panel 控制面板
Information retrieval 信息检索
Voice recognition module 语音识别模块 Touch-sensitive region 触摸敏感区域 Addre bus 地址总线 Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪
Dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机
Cathode ray tube(CRT)阴极射线管（CRT）Video game 视频游戏 Audio game 音频游戏 Audio signal 音频信号
Liquid crystal display(LCD)液晶显示器（LCD）Inkjet(laser)printer 喷墨打印机（激光）Volatile memory 易失性存储器
Hard(fixed)disk drive 硬磁盘驱动器（固定）floppy disk(diskette)软磁盘（软盘）
CD(compact disc)/ optical disk CD（光盘）/光盘 Pointing devices 指示装置
Graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面（GUI）Time-slice multitasking 时间片多任务
Object-oriented programming 面向对象编程 Click on an icon 一个图标上单击 Context switching 上下文切换
Distributed system 分布式系统
Pull-down lists of commands 下拉列表的命令 Distributed system 分布式系统
Pull-down lists of commands 下拉列表的命令 Simultaneous(concurrent)acce 同时（并行）访问 Command-line interface 命令行界面
Spreadsheet program 电子表格程序 Storage media 存储介质
Command interpreter 命令解释器 Serial port 串行端口
Configuration utility 配置实用程序
ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)ISDN（综合服务数字网）Token ring 令牌环 Fast Ethernet 快速以太网 Internet protocol 互联网协议
SVGA(Super Video Graphics Array)SVGA（超级视频图形阵列）Network throughput 网络吞吐量
Scalable file server 可扩展的文件服务器 Static Web page 静态网页
Plug and Play(PnP)即插即用（PNP）Network adapter 网络适配器
Modem(modulator/demodulator)调制解调器（调制器/解调器）SMP(symmetric multiproceing)SMP（对称多处理）Aembly language 汇编语言 Aembler 汇编程序
Machine language 机器语言
Compiler and interpreter 编译器和解释器 Intermediate language 中间语言 Nonprocedural language 文法的语言 Data declaration 数据说明
Mnemonic instruction 助记指令
Syntax and semantics 语法和语义
SQL(structured query language)SQL（结构化查询语言）Function call 函数调用
Event-driven programming 事件驱动的编程 Click in a push button 在一个按钮的单击 Cla hierarchy 类层次结构 Scroll bar 滚动条 Dialog box 对话框 Check box 复选框 Radio button 单选按钮
Multithreaded program 多线程程序
Java-enabled browser Java的浏览器 Pull-down menu 下拉菜单 Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 Software package 软件包
一、系统的提示信息
Error loading operating sy stem 不能装入引导系统 Miing operating system 系统引导文件丢失 Stack overflow 堆栈溢出
Not enough space for environment 没有足够的空间 Run-time error 运行错误
Insert diskette for drive and pre any key when ready 插入磁盘到驱动器中后按任意键
Your program caused a divide overflow error If the problem persists, contact your program vendor 你的程序导致溢出错误。如果该问题还存在，请联系你的程序供应商
Windows has disabled direct disk acce to protect your long filenames Windows 不能直接访问受保护的长文件名
The system has been halted.Pre Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart your computer 系统挂起，按Ctrl+Alt+Del重新启动你的计算机 You started your computer with a version of MS-DOS incompatible with this version of Windows.Insert a Startup diskette matching this version of Windows and then restart 你启动的MS-DOS版本与Windows版本不兼容，请插入与Windows版本匹配的系统盘后再重启
The sector size specified in this file is too large: 该文件中指定的扇区太大 The following file is miing or corrupted: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM 下列文件丢失或被破坏：WIN.COM和COMMAND.COM There is an invalid country code or code page in your CONFIG.SYS file 在你的CONFIG.SYS里有一个无效的国家代码
Warning: Windows did not finish loading on the previous attempt.Choose Safe mode, to start Windows with a minimal set of drivers 警告：Windows在刚才尝试后不能够完成加载，选择安全模式，用最小驱动启动你的电脑
Warning: Windows multi-boot may not function correctly Check for system files in your root directory with conflicting extensions 警告：Windows不能够正确完成多系统启动，在你的ROOT目录里检查不一致的系统文件
A memory allocation error occurred during startup >Restart your computer and select Interactive Start to identify the problem 在启动过程中内存分配发生错误，请重新启动你的计算机然后选用交互式方式启动来确定故障原因
实训项目三：
计算机英文文献的翻译 实训作业：
1.Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry,（不同于）as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware．The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed，in comparison with software and data，which are “soft” in the sense that they are readily created，modified or erased on the computer．
计算机硬件是计算机的物理部件，包括数字电路，以区别于计算机软件，计算机软件在硬件内部执行。相对于软件和数据，计算机硬件很少改变，软件和数据很容易在计算机上创建，修改或删除。
2.Random Acce Memory(RAM)--for program execution and short term data storage，so the computer does not have to take the time to acce the hard drive to find the file(s)it requires．More RAM will normally contribute to a faster PC．RAM is almost always removable as it sits in slots in the motherboard，attached with small clips．
随机存储器-用于程序的执行和临时的数据存储，一计算机不必花时间访问硬盘驱动器来查找所需的文件。内存容量更大一般会使PC机运行更快。RAM几乎都是可移动的是因为它位于主板的插槽中，用小夹子固定。
3.Instruction set architecture, or ISA, 指令集架构is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language(or aembly language)programmer, including the instruction set, memory addre modes, proceor registers and addre and data formats.指令集架构，或ISA，是一个计算系统的抽象概念。它对于高级语言程序设计者来说是透明的。指令集架构包括指令集，内存寻址模式，处理器寄存器，地址以及数据格式。
4.The circuitry in a typical computer that performs operations(such as addition and subtraction)data is not directly connected to the storage cells in the machine’s main memory.Instead, this circuitry is isolated in a part of the computer called microproceor, or the central proceing unit(CPU)．This unit consists of two parts：the arithmetic/logic unit．which contains the circuitry [ˈsə:kitri] that performs data manipulation, and the control unit．which contains the circuitry for coordinating the machine’s activities． 一个典型的计算机数据运算电路不与本机存储器的存储单元直接相连。相反，该电路被隔离在一个计算机部件（中央处理器）中。中央处理器由两部分组成：算术/逻辑单元，包含执行数据操作的电路，以及控制器，包含用于协调计算机操作的电路
5.To perform an operation on data stored in main memory, it is the control unit’s responsibility to transfer the data from memory into the general-purpose（通用）registers，to inform the arithmetic/logic unit which registers hold the data，to activate the data circuitry within the arithmetic/logic unit，and to tell the arithmetic/logic unit which register should receive the result.对为存储在贮存中的数据执行操作，由控制单元吧数据从存储器传送到通用寄存器，通知算术/逻辑单元哪个存储器保存数据，激活算术/逻辑单元的数据电路并告诉算术/逻辑单元哪个寄存器接受结果。
6.It is instructive to consider registers in the context of a machine memory facilities． Registers are used to hold the data immediately applicable to the operation at hand;main memory is used to hold the data that will be needed in the near future;and ma storage is used to hold data that will likely not be needed in the future.结合计算机存储器功能来考虑寄存器是十分有必要的。寄存器用于存储即将使用到的操作数，而内存存储将来需要使用的数据，而其他的大型存储设备主要用于存储近期不经常使用的数据。
7.Another collection of operations available within most arithmetic/logic units allows the contents of registers to be moved to the right or the left within the register．These operations are known as either SHIFT or ROTATE operations（移位，循环）,depending on whether the bits that（“fall off the end”of the register when its content are moved）are merely discarded(SHIFT)or are used to fall the holes left at the other end(ROTATE).大多数算术逻辑单元还有一个指令集，它允许寄存器内容能够在寄存器内部移动，当被移动的二进制位处于数据的两端，数据移动到另外一端，我们称之为循环。这类操作被称为循环移位操作。
8.Computer software，consisting of programs，enables a computer to perform specific tasks，as opposed to its physical components(hardware)which can only do the tasks they are mechanically(机械地，有呆板的意思，designed的状语)designed for．The term（专有名词的意思）includes application software such as word proceors which perform productive（生产性的意思，很抽象可以不翻译）tasks for users，system software such as operating systems，which interface with hardware to run the neceary services for user-interfaces and applications，and middleware which controls and coordinates distributed systems．
计算机软件，由程序组成，使计算机执行具体任务，它区别于计算机物理部件（硬件）-执行一些单一的任务。软件包括应用软件和系统软件。应用软件比如字处理软件，可以让用户完成具体任务，系统软件例如操作系统，为用户接口和应用软件提供必要的服务为硬件提供接口，另外系统软件为用于分布式系统中的中间件提供接口。
9.At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual（翻成单一，说明早期不同的处理器机器语言也不同。）proceor．A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying proceor instructions(object code)，which change the state of the computer from its preceding state．（先前的状态）Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence．It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use(closer to natural language)than machine language．
在（计算机发展的）早期，软件由机器语言组成，这些机器语言是针对一些单一的处理器的。
机器语言由一组二进制编码组成，用于表示处理器的指令（目标代码），这些指令能够改变计算机先前的状态。软件是一组有规律的指令序列，它能按照特殊的顺序改变计算机硬件的状态。人们通常用高级语言书写程序，相对于机器语言，这类语言对于程序设计者而言更简单更高效。
10.System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system．It includes operating device drivers，diagnostic tools，servers，windowing systems，utilities and more．The tools of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as poible from the details of the particular computer complex being used，especially memory and other hardware and such acceory devices as communications，printers，readers，displays，keyboards, etc.系统软件帮助运行计算机硬件和计算机系统。它包括操作设备硬盘、诊断工具、服务、视窗系统以及其他公共服务。系统软件工具是尽量不让应用程序设计者去接触类似存储器或硬件设备(通信设备、打印机、阅读器、显示、键盘等)访问等有关计算机复杂度的细节问题。
11.Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally or iteratively.Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after another．Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s)of some data.Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value.指令可以被顺序的、有条件的或者循环的执行。顺序指令是指令的执行时逐条进行的。条件类指令是将一些具体的数据值作为条件来执行的指令集。循环指令是指反复执行的指令，这类指令的执行有时也取决于一些具体的数据值。
12.An operating system(OS)is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer．An operating system procees raw system data and user input and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system．At the foundation of all system software，an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests，controlling input and output devices，facilitating networking and managing file systems．
操作系统(OS)是管理计算机资源共享的软件。操作系统通过分配并管理任务以及内部系统资源处理原始系统数据以及用户输入输出，这些操作被称为用户以及系统程序服务。在所有系统软件的基础上，操作系统执行基本的任务例如控制和分配内存，设置系统请求优先级，控制输入输出设备，优化网络以及管理文件系统。
13.Proce management is an operating system’s way of dealing with running multiple procees．Since most computers contain one proceor with one core．multitasking is done by simply switching procees quickly．Depending on the operating system，as more procees run，either each time slice will become smaller or there will be a longer delay before each proce is given a chance to run．Proce management involves computing and distributing CPU time as well as other resources．
进程管理是一个操作系统的方式处理多进程的一种方式。因为多数计算机是单核单处理器的。多任务的实现由快速简单的进程交换完成。根据操作系统，处理器越多，每一个时间片就越小，进程在下一次被运行前等待的时间越多。进程管理不仅计算并分配CPU的运行时间，而且还管理其他的资源。
14.Current computer architectures arrange the starting from the fastest registers，CPU cache，computer’s memory in a hierarchical manner，random acce memory and disk storage．An operating system’s memory manager coordinates the use of these various types of memory by tracking which one is available，which is to be allocated or deallocated and how to move data between them．This activity，usually referred to as virtual memory management，increases the amount of memory available for each proce by making the disk storage seem like main memory．
操作系统的存储器管理器协调不同存储器的使用，在协调过程中，操作系统要管理存储器的可用，内存的分配与释放，存储器间数据的传输。这些通常被称为虚拟内存管理活动将磁盘中的一部分当成主存来使用提高了每个进程的内存的使用效率。
当前计算机体系结构从最快速的记数器、CPU贮藏所、计算机存储器以多级的等级制度的方式，随机存取存储器和磁盘存储开始安排。//一位操作系统的记忆经理通过跟踪协调对记忆的这些各种各样的类型的用途哪个是可利用的，将分配或取消配额和如何移动数据在他们之间。这活动，通常指虚拟内存管理，通过做磁盘存储增加相当数量记忆可利用为每个过程似乎象主存储器。
15.Constraints are a way of providing restrictions on the kinds of data that can be stored in the relations．These are usually defined in the form of expreions that result in a Boolean value, indicating whether or not the constraint holds．Constraints are a way of implementing busine rules into the database．
约束是一种给存储在关系中的数据提供限制条件的方式。这通常是以表达式的形式定义的，表达式的结果是一个布尔值，表示约束条件是否成立。约束是一种把业务规则实现到数据库的方式。
16.SQL queries allow the user to specify a description of the desired result set．A query includes a list of columns to be included in the final result immediately following the SELECT keyword．An asterisk(“*”)can also be used as a“wildcard” indicator to specify that all available columns of a table(or multiple tables)are to be returned．
SQL查询允许用户指令所需的结果集的描述。一个查询包含最终结果集中所包含的列的列表，直接跟在SELECT关键词后面。一个星号（”*”）也可以作为一个“通配符”指示符，来指定产讯结果返回一个表（或多个表）所有可用的列。
17.Intelligent hubs perform the same functions as paive and active hubs； however，they can make informed path selections and perform some network management．Intelligent hubs route traffic only to the branch of the star on which the receiving node is located.If redundant paths exist，an intelligent hub can route information around normally used paths when cable problems occur． Routers，bridges，＆switches are examples of hub devices that can route transmiions intelligently．
智能集线器的功能和有源集线器、无源集线器一样；但是，智能集线器能够提供路由信息并且还拥有其他的网络功能。智能集线器能够与信号目的地址相同的端口计算机进行路由。如果路径消失，智能集线器能够将信息路由到正常使用过的路径知道电缆出现问题。路由器、网桥、交换机都是智能路由传输集线器设备。
18.Local area Networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size．They are widely used to connect Personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources(e.g.printers)and exchange information．LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three characteristics：(1)their size，(2)their transmiion technology, and(3)their topology.区域网，一般称LANs，是专用网络。它出现在一栋大楼或者校园等几公里范围之内。他广泛用于公司、工厂范围内，用来连接个人电脑或者工作站来进行资源共享以及信息交换。局域网有三个特征：(1)他们的大小，(2)他们的传输技术(3)他们的拓扑结构。
19.Broadcast networks can be further divided into static and dynamic，depending on how the channel is allocated．A typical static allocation would be to divide time into discrete intervals and a round—robin algorithm（循环算法，此处的round是环的意思，采取意译的方式，计算机网络里有个轮询算法，所以计算机专业英语的翻译也取决于个人的计算机专业知识）, allowing each machine to broadcast only when its time slot comes up.Static allocation wastes channel capacity when a machine has nothing to say during its allocated so most systems attempt to allocate the channel dynamically.广播网可以按照信道的分配方式进一步被分为静态的和动态的。一个典型的静态分配方案将时间费城离散的间隔并使用一种算法-轮询算法。让每一台机器在他时间片到来的时候广播数据。如果一台机器在它所分配到的时槽中不需要发送数据，那么这种静态分配方案就浪费了信道传输容量，所以，大多数系统都采用动态分配信道。
20.Network addre identifies the actual logical location of the node(the network addre), and the actual node(the node addre)．The form of the network addre depends on the actual protocol．Network addrees are setup in software and are loaded into the computer when it starts(auming that it has some storage device to store its network addre)．This differs from the MAC addre which is setup in the hardware．
网络地址标识了十几的节点的逻辑位置（网络地址）以及实际的结点（结点地址）。网络地址的形式取决于实际的协议。当计算机启动的时候，网络地址以软件的形式被安装，并且加载到计算机中（假定计算机中有专门存储网络地址的存储设备），这个地址与安装在硬件中的MAC地址不同。
