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原虫概论、溶组织内阿米巴、结肠内阿米巴讲稿
授课教师:宋杰
备课时间:2011年4月10日 授课专业:临床本科 授课对象:2009级本科
授课题目:医学寄生虫学﹒原虫概论、溶组织内阿米巴、结肠内阿米巴 课型:理论课
授课时间:2011.4.11-12 主要教学方法:电脑POWERPOINT演示
讲授内容:
内
容
原虫概论medical protozoon
Introduction :
1、概念
原虫(protozoon):为体积微小且能独立完成生命活动的单细胞真核动物single-celled eukaryotic organisms 医学原虫:寄生于人体的原虫,称为医学原虫
protozoon is unicellular eukaryote;protozoon poees organelles that function similarly to organs and systems of muticellular organisms there are above 65000 species ,and 40 species living in human body.,which are medical protozoa.2、特点:单细胞动物;
体积微小,光镜下才能见到
构造简单,具生命的基本特征和功能,是一个完整的有机体 种类繁多,分布广泛。
可寄生于细胞、体液、组织或腔道中,有致病性、非致病性之分
Physiology claification of medical protozoa according to locomotor organelles amoeba;flagellate;ciliate;sporozoa 根据运动细胞器分:动鞭纲(如鞭毛虫)、叶足纲(如阿米巴)、孢子纲(如孢子虫)、动基裂纲(如纤毛虫)
根据寄生部位分:腔道内寄生原虫;血液和组织内寄生原虫 reptoduction asexual reproduction: binary fiion;multiple fiion;budding sexual reproduction: gametogony;conjugation Pathogenic characters
• 增殖作用 proliferation/multiplication • 播散能力 diemination • 机会致病opportunistic infection
机会致病原虫(opportunistic protozoa)
备注
10min 与前面学习的多细胞类寄生虫(蠕虫类)在形态结构方面进行比较。
示模式图片中典型运动器
Type of life cycle
Person to Person transfer : Direct life cycle
1)滋养体(trophozoite):如阴道毛滴虫
2)滋养体+包囊(cyst):如阿米巴原虫 Circulation transfer : Indirect life cycle 宿主有两个或两个以上,无性+有性生殖 Vector transfer : 宿主有吸血昆虫,无性生殖或无性+有性生殖
溶组织内阿米巴Entamoeba histolytica
以伪足(pseudopodium)运动俗称痢疾阿米巴(amebic dysentery);致阿米巴病(amoebiasis)。
Morphology Trophozoite 滋养体: size:10~60μm;胞质:Ectoplasm: clear透明
Endoplasm:granular颗粒状
Nucleus:典型泡状核;一个,d 4~7μm,核膜薄,其内缘有排列整齐的单层染色质粒chromatin granules;核仁karyosome一个,居中或稍偏位,核仁与核膜之间隐约可见网状核纤丝。Food vacuoles 大滋养体:可见吞噬的红细胞;小滋养体
Ameboid movement:伸出伪足做定向的变形运动(阿米巴运动)Cyst包囊
• 不摄食、不活动阶段
• Size: 10~ 16μm • Nucleus : 1~ 4个,似滋养体
• cytoplast:糖原泡和chromatoid bars:棍棒状,两端钝圆
Life cycle:
Cysts are paed in feces.Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of mature cysts in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands.Excystation occurs in the small intestine and trophozoites are released, which migrate to the large intestine.The trophozoites multiply by binary fiion and produce cysts, which are paed in the feces.Because of the protection conferred by their walls, the cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment and are responsible for transmiion.(Trophozoites can also be paed in diarrheal stools, but are rapidly destroyed once outside the body, and if ingested would not survive exposure to the gastric environment.)In many cases, the trophozoites remain confined to the intestinal lumen(noninvasive infection)of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers, paing cysts in their stool.In some patients the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa(intestinal disease), or, through the bloodstream, extraintestinal sites such as the liver, brain, and lungs(extraintestinal disease), with resultant pathologic
官。
简单举例
形态对照模式图及照片直接进行讲解和提问学生进行讲解。
录象片段示阿米巴运动。
manifestations.It has been established that the invasive and noninvasive forms represent two separate species, respectively E.histolytica and E.dispar, however not all persons infected with E.histolytica will have invasive disease.These two species are morphologically indistinguishable.Transmiion can also occur through fecal exposure during sexual contact(in which case not only cysts, but also trophozoites could prove infective).(流程图介绍)The brief summary:
• Infective stage:mature cyst • Infective route:ingest mature cyst • Pathogenic stage:trophozoite • Transmitted stage:cyst • site of inhabitation: colon / the intestinal tiue or extraintestinal
tiue
Pathogenesis Pathogenesis: 对宿主细胞的接触性杀伤(contact-dependent killing of host cell): 对 滋养体首先识别并黏附靶细胞,进而杀伤、酶溶解、细胞毒、胞噬的连照生锁过程。阿米巴对中性粒细胞有化学趋附性,粒细胞被触溶后造成协同损活史伤。流程Symptoms: 图进asymptomatic infection : 90%以上;粪便中只能查到包囊 行分invasive infection: 析讲intestinal amoebiasis: 解。pathologic features:多发于盲肠或阑尾,也易累及乙状结肠和升结肠,典型的病变是口小底大的烧瓶样溃疡(flasked-shaped ulcer),溃疡间的粘 膜正常或稍有水肿,这与细菌引起的弥漫性炎性病灶不同除重症外,原发生病灶仅局限于粘膜层。急性病例滋养体课突破粘膜肌层,引起液化坏死灶,活史形成的溃疡可深及肌层,并可与邻近的溃疡融合,引起大片粘膜脱落。小结Amoebic dysentery 提问clinical features: 分为急性和慢性。急性期的临床症状从轻度、间歇学生性腹泻到爆发性、致死性的痢疾不等。典型的阿米巴痢疾常有腹泻腹痛、进行一日数次或数十次、里急后重、粪便呈果酱样,腥臭明显并带血和粘液。总结 部分病人可发展为肠穿孔和继发性细菌性腹膜炎。慢性阿米巴病则长期表 现为间歇性腹泻、腹痛、胃肠胀气和体重下降。
阿米巴肠炎,阿米巴肿(amoeboma)
extraintestinal amoebiasis:常见于肝、肺、脑、皮肤等部位(肠粘膜 下层或肌层的滋养体进入静脉,经血流扩散或直接扩散引起的继发感染)
肝脓肿(Amebic liver absce),最常见,多见于右叶,呈无菌性、液化性 坏死,周围以淋巴细胞浸润为主,滋养体多在脓肿的边缘。临床症状右上 腹痛并可向右肩发射,发热和肝肿大肝脓肿穿刺可见“巧克力”样脓液,且可查出滋养体。
肺脓肿:多因肝脓肿穿破隔肌而继发,主要有胸痛、发热、咳嗽和咳“巧 克力”样痰。
脑脓肿:头痛、呕吐、精神异常,部分可发展为脑膜脑炎。病程发展迅速,死亡率高。
皮肤阿米巴病(Cutaneous amebiasis):由直肠病灶播散到会阴部引起。
Laboratory Diagnosis etiological diagnosis:
examination of stool species: A.direct smear with saline。
急性病人,查滋养体
注意点:大便新鲜;容器干净;冷天保温;治前检查;应取脓血部分;与结肠内阿米巴鉴别
(镜检:大量RBC、大滋养体、少量WBC;夏科雷登结晶)B.direct smear with iodine staining: 慢性病人及带虫者(成形粪便),查包囊 注意点:与结肠阿米巴包囊鉴别
Entamoeba coli trophozoite 内外质不分明,伪足多,不定向缓慢运动 Size:15 ~ 50μm 胞质:内质颗粒粗,多含细菌,无RBC 胞核:核仁大,偏位,核周染粒粗细不匀,排列不整齐 Cyst: size:10~ 35μm
Nucleus :1~ 8核,少数有16核 cytoplast:拟染色体呈草束状 胞核:似滋养体
Differentiation of E.coli from E.histolytica: trophozoite
Entamoeba coli 10~ 60μm in size Nondirectional motility Multiple pseudopodia No ingested erythrocytes Large, eccentric karyosome coarse,irregular peripheral chromatin
E.histolytica 20~ 50μm in size Unidirectional motility Single pseudopodia Ingested erythrocytes
Small, central karyosome uniformly distributed peripheral chromatin
模式图与照片对照进行讲解,重点讲解
Differentiation of E.coli from E.histolytica: cyst Entamoeba coli 10~ 30μm 1~16 nuclei Splintered chromatoid body Large, eccentric karyosome coarse, irregular peripheral chromatin
结肠内阿
E.histolytica
米巴与溶
10~ 20μm 组织
内阿
1~4 nuclei 米巴的滋养体和包chromatoid bodies with blunted
囊的ends
形态区别。
Small, central karyosome 注意
提问学生
uniformly distributed peripheral 观察
重要chromatin
鉴别特征
C.biopsy: 病灶组织检查,查滋养体 结肠活组织或刮拭物检查
脓肿穿刺(absce aspiration)液检查 F.cultured in vitro serodiagnosis:Antibody Detection:
ELISA;IFA;IHA Antigen Detection Molecular diagnosis: Radio imaging diagnosis: Colonoscopy(结肠镜检查)ultrasonic wave examination CT examination X-ray examination
Reminder : E.dispar不致病,但在形态上与E.histolytic不能区别,目前只有使用免疫学或分子生物学方法才能区别。Epidemiology
Geographical distribution:worldwide Infectious source::慢性病人或带虫者
Route of transmiion:经口食入含包囊的水或食物;昆虫可作为传媒 Susceptible population::均易感 Prevention and Treatment
控制传染源:治疗病人或带虫者,加强对饮食业服务人员的体检
药物:甲硝唑(灭滴灵);巴龙霉素/喹碘方、安特酰胺
管理粪便及水源 消灭苍蝇及蟑螂 注意个人卫生
Control of the source of infection:
Treat infected people with drug:metronidazole(甲硝唑)or tinidazole(替硝唑);iodoquinol(喹碘方)or paromomycin(巴龙霉素)sanitation Safe drinking water supply Control of fly and cockroach