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第六篇 Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责)for learning 是…的责任)the student.If a long reading aignment(n.任务，作业)is __in the reading even if they do not discu it in cla or take an examination.The idea（理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发……的积极性)to learn for the sake of(为了)learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades.Sometimes homework is returned with（带…回来）brief written comments but without a grade.Even if a grade is not given, the student is for learning the material aigned.When research is , the profeor expects the student to take it responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.Profeors do students graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论)the reference _ sources(资源)_ in the library.Profeors will help dependent on them.In the United Stats profeors have many other duties teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的)or research work.Therefore, the time that a profeor can spend with a student outside of cla is If a student has problems with claroom work , the student sho会).第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer
What makes people different from computer programs? What is the miing element(n.元素，成分，要素)that our theories don’t yet answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about they are interested in.Computers, on the other hand, don't.In fact, computers don't have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别)that they are trying to find out when they read.If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose”.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理）to attribute to computers.One might read a restaurant guide in（为了）order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣)goals, or to find（寻找）a good place to go for a busine lunch.Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have busine lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的)and social goals give（导致）to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的)or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的)goals.A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致)goals to findabout the name of a restaurant which serves（供应）the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc.These are goals to _ acquire（获取）information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals.These goals can be held by computers too;a computer might（可能）_ “want” to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以…方式）the same way as a person might.While such a goal would not arise（起于）out of hunger in the case of the computer, it 很可能)arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants.*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望）to be succeful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧）the worst isn’t really a lot of fun（乐趣）.We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, “It looks like（像）rain.” But if you catch yourself thinking such things,it's important to do something about（对此）it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).to psychologists(心理学家).It only takes a little effort, and you'll find life more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的)as a result（结果）.Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect
and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）.Optimists are more likely（很有可能）to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育)is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地)very important in forming your attitude（态度）to the world.Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于）too much on others and grow up(成长)forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于)other people when anything goes（发生）wrong.Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面）（把..看作）failure as the end of the world—they just get on（继续）with their lives.*第九篇 The First Bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years.In 1791, Count(伯爵)de Sivrac delighted（使...喜悦）onlookers(观众)in a park in Paris as he 炫耀)his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé.It was basically an enlarged（扩大）version of a children’s toy which had been in use（在使用中）for many years.Sivrac's “celeriferé” had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状）of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either end．To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力）against the ground（地面）with your legs—there were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子).It was impoible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制)a celeriferé and it had no brakes(闸，刹车（吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris.Soon they were holding（举行）races up and down the streets.Minor injuries（受伤）were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸)of speed（速度）.Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向）was to pull up the front of the “celeriferé” and turn（掉转）it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋）in the air."Celeriferéof no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路)made riding them very uncomfortable.Even so,the wooden celeriferé was the origin（始祖）of the modem bicycle.第十篇 Working Mothers
Carefully conducted(v.实施，实行)researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home.My personal view（观点）is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish.Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多）of mothers who just have to work.There are those who have invested(投资)such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立)a career that they cannot afford（负担）to see it lost.Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的)neceity（有必要）.Many mothers are not cut（适合于）out to be full-time parents.After a few months at home with a much loved infant(婴儿，幼儿), they feel trapped(v.使陷入困境，使受限制)and isolated(使隔离，使孤立).There are a number of options(选项，选择)when it comes（涉及）to choosing childcare.These range from child minders(照顾者)and nannies(保姆)直到)Granny(奶奶)or the kind(好心的)lady acro（对面）the street.reality（在现实状况下）, however,many parents don't have any choice;they have to accept anything they can get.Be prepared!No matter（无论）how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest(抗议)wildly(激烈的)if they are left.This is a perfectly（完全）normal stage of child development.Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush(依恋, 压烂)on Mum and close family members（成员）.Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量）安顿下来).All children are different.Some are independent, while others are more（做）the best for your children, it's not the quantity(数量)of time you spend with them，it's the quality（质量）that matters.
