土木工程专业英语讲稿Leon_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“土木工程专业英语”。
Leon 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
供热、通风和空调
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.供热、通风和空调涵盖了环境工程的全部；环境工程的新理念还包括建筑内部各项工程，比如结构、排水、声学和内部人员流动。
The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.环境工程原理认为：建筑物的所有部分都是相关的。
The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.比如，照明产热需要空调降温，空调要使用管道，从而影响到结构设计。
The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.本文仅限于建筑物，但是这个主题可以扩大到包括大客车、飞机、轮船、铁路列车、宇宙飞船和潜艇等交通工具，它们要求的专业化程度都很高。
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the present context may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed spaces.本文中，供热、通风和空调被笼统地定义为围合空间内部的环境控制。
Apart from comfort, many industrial procees depend on a controlled atmosphere；thus, this branch of engineering covers a considerable range of applications.除了舒适，许多工业过程都与受控的环境有关；因此，本学科应用范围较为广泛。
Heating is concerned with raising the temperature of the thermal environment.供热就是为了提高环境温度。
Ventilating is concerned with the supply of fresh air and removal of air that is vitiated, polluted, or contaminated.通风涉及供应新风、排除混浊或被污染的空气。
Air-conditioning may include the functions of heating and ventilating but in addition is concerned with lowering of temperature of the thermal environment, raising or lowering of humidity, and purifying the air by removal of dust, bacteria, and other airborne matter.空调包括供暖和通风，此外还涉及到环境降温、加湿或除湿，通过清除灰尘、细菌和其它空气中携带的物质而净化空气。
Making fire was among man's earliest achievements, and doubtle wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, as remains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turf enclosures.用火是人类最早的成就之一，木材无疑是最早的燃料；早期人类在洞穴里生火（石器时代炉膛的遗迹就是证明），后来是在泥土、草皮做成的围堂内生火。
The discovery that charcoal could be made from wood to produce a fuel without smoke seems to have been an early step toward progre in places where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the Shores of the Mediterranean.木材可以制成木炭，这种无烟燃料的出现是早期的一大进步，这在那些仅需要适度供暖的地方很有必要，比如中国、日本和地中海岸等地区。
Another evolution was the flue or chimney, first as a simple aperture in the centre of the hut roof and later rising from the fireplace, invented in Europe in the 13th century.另一个进展就是烟道或烟囱。最早只是在小屋顶中心开个简单的孔，后来就在壁炉上增加了烟囱（它是13世纪欧洲人发明的）。
Smoke and fumes no longer pervaded the living space.这样，烟气就不会弥漫于生活空间了。
Stoves, far 1e wasteful of heat than fireplaces, appear to have been used first by the Chinese about 600 BC.大约在公元前600年中国人最早使用炉子，它比壁炉大大减少了热量的浪费。
They can be traced through Ruia and into Germany and in the European countries generally, where they are still used today, often as a focus of family life.炉子的足迹遍布俄国、德国以及欧洲的很多国家，如今这些地区仍有使用，且常被视为家庭生活的中心。
The stove croed the Atlantic to the United States, where Benjamin Franklin in 1744 invented an improved design, the forerunner of the traditional potbellied stove.炉子穿越大西洋来到美国；1744年，弗兰克林·本杰明对它进行了改良设计，这就是传统大肚采暖炉的雏形。
The first scientific refinement of the fireplace seems to be attributable to the physicist Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, toward the end of the 18th century.到了18世纪末期，壁炉的第一次科学改良似乎应归功于物理学家汤普森·本杰明，拉姆福德伯爵。
His aim was to improve the efficiency of the open fire by the use of lumps of fireclay and by a canopy, both designed to increase the amount of radiant heat.他的目标是通过使用耐火砖和炉盖来提高明火的功效，这两项设计增大了辐射热。
Because his ideas were not accepted, however, a gro fuel waste has continued up to the present day.然而，由于他的想法未被采纳，所以严重的燃料浪费现象一直持续到了今天。
Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now described as central heating, appears to have been invented by the Lacedaemonians of Greece, who first used heated floors.对供暖空间之外用火取暖，现在被称为集中供热，它好像是由古希腊的斯巴达人发明的，是他们最早使用地暖。
The Great Temple in the city of Ephesus(350 BC)is believed to have been heated by flues laid in the floors, using lignite as fuel.公元前350年，以弗所市的大神殿就是通过放置在地板中的暖气管来供热的，它用褐煤作燃料。
The Greeks perceived the advantages of central heating, but it was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient world with their hypocaust system.虽然希腊人认识到集中供热的优点，但是罗马人才称得上古代最伟大的供暖专家，他们发明了火炕式供暖系统。
The floor was raised on pedestals, and the hot gases from a furnace were guided into the underfloor space, from which they rose through hollow terra-cotta tubes embedded in the walls.地板被架离楼板之上，从炉子里出来的热气被引至地板下的空间，从那里热气又通过埋入墙体中的中空陶瓦管上升。
Such systems are to be found throughout Europe wherever Roman culture flourished.这种供暖方式遍布欧洲，在罗马文化繁荣的地方随处可见。
In Italy, the hypocaust is found only in baths, but in cooler climates, such as Britain’s, not only baths but also the living room and sometimes other rooms were heated.在意大利，这种火炕供暖只能在浴室里找到；但是，在气候更冷的地方，比如英国，浴室和起居室，有时还包括其他的房间都要供暖。
Such scientific development and refinement of life came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire and the ruin of the cities that followed.这种科学进步和讲究生活随着罗马帝国的衰落和接下来的城市毁灭而结束了。
The Dark Ages saw a return to a le civilized form of life;castles and homesteads employed the crude methods of heating used by primitive man.在欧洲中世纪的黑暗时代，生活又回到了文明退化状态；城堡和家园使用的是原始供暖方法。
Drafty halls were warmed by a log fire in the centre of the stone floor.通风良好的大厅用点燃石地板中间的柴火来供暖。
Enormously heavy fur-lined cloaks were worn to keep warm.为了保暖，用厚重的毛皮作衬里的披风穿在身上。
It has taken 1, 500 years for the comfort of the Roman system of floor heating to be rediscovered by modern civilization.舒适的罗马式地热系统被现代文明重新拾起却用了1500年的时间。
The advent of steam as a source of power in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries offered a new way of heating, first used in factories and mills.在18世纪和19世纪早期工业革命中，作为动力来源的蒸汽的出现提供了一种新的供暖方法，该方法最早被用在工厂和磨坊中。
Steam conveyed in pipes was extensively used for heating not only for industrial needs but for schools, churches, courts of justice, aembly halls, and even homes and horticultural greenhouses.在管道中输送蒸汽来供暖不仅被广泛地应用于工厂中，而且也被用于学校、教堂、审判法庭、会议厅，甚至家庭和园艺温室。
The very hot surfaces of steam heating cause a parching effect on the air, often accompanied by a disagreeable odor of burnt dust.蒸汽供暖的高热表面对空气产生烘烤效应，经常伴随着烧焦尘土的难闻气味。
The advantages of hot water, with a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than that of steam, began to be recognized about 1830.比起蒸汽，热水的优势在于具有更低的表面温度，气味淡但烘烤效应小，这在1830年人们就认识到了。
One of the first such systems was installed at the New Westminster Hospital, London.第一套水暖系统安装在伦敦的新威斯敏斯特医院。
Hot water at low preure has continued from that time to occupy a principal place in methods of heating；it is used in radiators, convectors, embedded floor and ceiling heating systems, and as a means of warming air for distribution by fans in a variety of ways.从那时起，低压热水就一直在供暖方法中占据着重要地位；它被用于散热片、对流加热器、埋置于地板和天花板中的供暖系统中。而且，作为一种升温手段，可通过风机以各种方式进行分配。
In 1831 Jocob Perkins of England patented a revolutionary method of high-preure hot-water heating in which a continuous circuit of very strong piping, receiving heat from a coil in the furnace, conveyed water in a closed system to coils disposed about the building.1831年，英国的雅各布.帕金斯取得了具有革命性的高压热水供暖的专利权，这种供暖方式通过一个连续循环的坚固管道从锅炉中的螺旋管获取热量，并在一个封闭系统内将热水输送到建筑内部的管道中。
Circulation was by thermo syphon.循环是在热弯管内进行的。
The system achieved considerable popularity in spite of its high temperatures;its tubing was small and neat compared with the maive cast-iron pipes used with low-preure apparatus.尽管供暖温度较高，但却很受欢迎；其管道系统和在低压设备中使用的巨大铸铁管道相比要小且整洁。
The high-preure hot-water principle has been revived in a modern system developed first in continental Europe and later spread elsewhere, chiefly for industrial heating.高压水暖原理在现代化供暖中的复兴，最早是在欧洲大陆发展起来，后来传播到其他地方，主要用于工业供暖。
The need for some form of induced ventilation to enclosed spaces probably did not arise until the 19th century, by which time aembly halls, theatres, and churches were being built to hold hundreds and even thousands of people.大概直到19世纪，才产生了需要对封闭空间采取某种形式导流通风，那时所建的集会礼堂、剧院、教堂要容纳成百甚至上千人。
In industry some amelioration of the atmosphere in the steamy, gas-lighted workrooms was forced on mill owners to offset an increasing sickne rate.工业上为了减少持续上升的患病率，厂家被迫对水汽蒙蒙的采用煤气灯照明的车间环境进行改善。
Mines had been ventilated from earliest times by furnace kept burning at the base of vent shafts.矿井从最早开始就一直把炉子放在通风竖井的底部来保持燃烧通风。
Some of the early ventilating systems in buildings followed this method, for example, the New Houses of Parliament in London, rebuilt in 1837.一些早期建筑的通风系统沿用了这种方法，比如伦敦的新国会大厦，它重建于1837年。
There air was exhausted from the chambers by means of coke fires, kept burning day and night in the roof spaces beneath tall shafts, whose Gothic outlines remain a feature of the architecture, though the shafts are no longer used.在竖井下方的屋顶空间昼夜燃烧的炭火耗尽了房间里的氧气。虽然不再使用竖井，但仍保留着哥特式建筑的外形。
The air was drawn in by the suction of these extraction shafts through gratings in the floor of the chambers, which were connected in turn to tunnels leading to the Thames River, from the banks of which the fresh air was drawn.空气抽排管道和通向泰晤士河的隧道相连，抽气泵通过房间地板格栅吸入泰晤士河岸的新鲜空气。
Although a rotary fan had been invented in the 16th century, a convenient power supply was not available until the days of ubiquitous electric current.From the 18th century steam drove fans in industrial installations.虽然16世纪就发明了旋转式风扇，但直到发明无所不在的电流后才有了方便的电力供应。18世纪，工业设备上还用蒸汽驱动风机。
The plenum system was an early method of combining heating with ventilation by using steam in tubes in an air duct to heat the air, the driving force being a fan, also steam driven.压力通风是一种早期通过风道中的蒸汽管加热空气而把供热和通风结合起来的方法，其压力也是由蒸汽驱动的风机提供。
The heated air was delivered through ducts under preure(or plenum), conveyed to all parts of the building.Schools, hospitals, and factories were often heated by this means.热空气在高压作用下，通过管道传送到建筑内的各个部位。学校、医院和工厂通常采用这种方式供热。
Cooling by evaporation may have originated in India, where mats of wetted gra hung over openings on the windward side resulted in evaporative cooling by as much as 20 to 30 °F(11 to 17℃).蒸发冷可能发源于印度。在那里，湿草席悬挂在通道口的迎风面上，使得蒸发冷却后温度达到11-17℃。
The mats were kept wet by hand or by a perforated trough above.Such a system employs one of the fundamental principles of air conditioning.这些草席通过人工或通过在其上方开孔的水槽保湿。这种方法利用了空调的基本原理。
The term “air conditioning” is credited to Stuart W.Cramer, who in 1907 presented a paper on humidity control for textile mills before the American Cotton Manufacturers Aociation.“空气调节”这个术语的出现归功于Stuart W.Cramer，他在1907年向美国棉花制造业协会提交了一篇关于纺织厂湿度控制的论文。
Control of moisture content in textiles by addition of steam to the atmosphere had long been known as “conditioning”.It was not, however, until 1911, when Willis Carrier published the results of many years of research, that the scientific basis of air conditioning was laid.增加空气中的水汽来控制纺织品中的含湿度很早就被称为“调湿”了。然而，直到1911年，当Willis Carrier公布多年的研究结果时，才奠定了空气调节的科学基础。
From air conditioning in industry, for the quality of the product, to air conditioning for comfort was but a step.从工业中为产品质量进行空气调节到以舒适为目的的空气调节，这仅仅迈出了第一步。
Comfort air-conditioning was developed in the 1920s for increasingly large theatres, stores, and office blocks, in which the economic value was evident.由于20世纪20年代出现越来越多的大型剧院、商店和办公大楼，舒适的空调是才发展起来，其经济价值是很明显的。
The development of air conditioning as a major industry, however, awaited new refrigerating techniques.然而，空调作为主要产业的发展还期待着新的制冷技术的出现。
Until the end of the 19th century, design of heating and ventilating systems was largely empirical.A change to scientific methods began to evolve in the 1890s.直到19世纪末，供热和通风设计大多还是凭经验。朝着科学性的转变始于19世纪90年代。
Research work was undertaken at the University of Berlin-Charlottenburg and in a few other places before World War I.人们着手做研究工作是在第一次世界大战前的柏林夏洛特博格大学和其他几个地方。
After the war, research was begun in several countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, and France.Out of this international research effort modern air conditioning has grown.战后，研究又在几个国家兴起，尤其是在英国、美国、德国、瑞典和法国。由于这些国际化研究成果，现代空调装置才得以发展起来。12
