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名词解释：
Renaiance(文艺复兴)
The activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Humanism(人文主义)
Humanism is the eence of the Renaiance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)
Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social iues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.Romanticism(浪漫主义)
In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to england.2>it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclaicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit.Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to paion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.In the tale, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin.The “Green Knight” offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day.Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time.The story of Gawain's struggle to meet the appointment and his adventures along the way demonstrate the spirit of chivalry and loyalty.What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature?（诺曼征服对英国的影响）
The three chief effects of the conquest were(a)the bringing of Roman civilization to England;(b)the growth of nationality, i.e.a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes;(c)the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in Chaucer.The theme of &
The theme of : uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by
different people to pursue studies.The theme of : what is the truth and how people could get the truth and the
uses and benefits of get the truth.失乐园主题及其对宗教的态度
评价：The greatset work of John Milton, and it presents the autho’s view in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea—the exposure of reactionary force of his time and paionate appearl for freedom
The theme of : the story was taken from the old Testament, the creation of the earth and Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God.Satan’s temptation of Eve and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.Satan and his followers are banished from heaven and driven into hell.But even here in hell, mist flames and poisonous fumes.Satan and his adherents are not discouraged.宗教态度：justify the ways of God.启蒙运动
Introduction: The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expreion of struggle of the then progreive cla of bourgroisie against feudalism.The Enlighteners fought against cla inequality, staanation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.英国启蒙运动时期的特点：①the government divided into hostile parties:the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories;②the rapid development of social life;③the inception of a new literary current—that of sentimentalism;④the pre-ronmanticism became a conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18th century
Wordsworth如何反应浪漫主义时期的特点：
Wordsworth is the representative of the lake poet in the romantic period.Romantism proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of cla distinction.The doctrine of “liberty, equality and fraternity” has been aerted.Many writters got their inspiration from it and wrote beautiful poems or prose.Worsworth was one of them.In his poem Wordswoth aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.The poet was a paionate lover of nature and his descriptions of lakes and rivers, of meadows and woods, of skies and clouds are exquisite.Such as I wandered lonely as a cloud.维多利亚时期的文学特点及影响
Victorian literature is a product of the times with the features of grand and diversity.It reflects the various great changes in people’s life from multi-dimensional and complex angles both in romantic and realistic ways.The fiction became wild popular and developed prosperity.It paid more attention to people’s daily life and destiny.The inhuman social institutions, the depravity of social morality, the prevalence of money worship and large areas of poverty was deeply outraged.Victorian literature is a true reflection of the realities and the spirit of the times, and in which the reflection of the high degree of vitality, the down-to-earth spirit, the good humor and the free imagination is unprecedented.The works of this period are get ready for the new century in all fields of literature.(一)The Anglo-Saxon period:
(二)The Anglo-Norman:
(三)Geoffrey Chaucer [ the father of English poetry ]:
Popular ballads[代表人物: Bishop Thomas Percy]:
(四)The Renaiance
William Shakespeare: he was one of the first founders of realism, masterhand at
realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.1)4 comedies:
dream>
2)4 tragedies:Hamlet: is the
profundest expreion of shakespeare’s humanism and his critism of contemporary life.3)Sonnet:154
Edmund Spenser: Thomas More:
Feancis Bacon:(famous quotas:)
Ben Jonson:
Christopher Marlowe:
Thomas Wyatt: 引入十四行诗的第一人
(五)The period of Revolution and Restoration(文学表现形式：prose 散文)John Milton
1)epic:
2)sonnet:
John Bunyan:
John Donne: song；；
Sonnet
(六)The age of Enlightenment in England
Daniel Defoe:
Jonathan Swift:
Joseph Addison:
Henry Fielding:
Thomas Gray:
Oliver Goldsmith:
Richard Brinsley Sheridan:
Willian Blake:
Robert Burns:
rose>
(七)The romantic period
William Wordsworth:
prelude>
men>
Samuel Taylor Coleridge:
khan>
George Gordon Byron:
Percy Byhe Shelley:
sky—lark>
John Keats:
grecian urm>
Walter Scott:
Jane Austen:
Charles Lamb:
(八)The victorian age(批判现实主义时期)
Charles Dickens:
William Makepeace Thackeray:
George Eliot:
Charlotte Bronte: Emily Bronte: Thomas Hood:
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Robert Browning:
Elizabeth Barrett Browning:
Robert Louis Stevenson:
(九)1900—1950 the 20th century
Thomas Hardy:
John Galsworthy:
Oscar Wilde:
George Bernard Shaw:
D.H.Lawrence:
Virginia Woolf:
James Joyce:
