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Id: The id is the great reservoir of the libido, from which the ego seeks to distinguish itself through various mechanisms of repreion.Because of that repreion, the id seeks alternative expreion for those impulses that we consider evil or exceively sexual, impulses that we often felt as perfectly natural at an earlier or archaic stage and have since repreed.The id is governed by the pleasure-principle and is oriented towards one's internal instincts and paions.Freud also argues on occasion that the id represents the inheritance of the species, which is paed on to us at birth;and yet for Freud the id is, at the same time, “the dark, inacceible part of our personality”(“New Introductory Lectures” 22.73).See also Freud Module I on psychosexual development.Ego: For Freud, the ego is “the representative of the outer world to the id”(“Ego and the Id” 708).In other words, the ego represents and enforces the reality-principle whereas the id is concerned only with the pleasure-principle.Whereas the ego is oriented towards perceptions in the real world, the id is oriented towards internal instincts;whereas the ego is aociated with reason and sanity, the id belongs to the paions.The ego, however, is never able fully to distinguish itself from the id, of which the ego is, in fact, a part, which is why in his pictorial representation of the mind Freud does not provide a hard separation between the ego and the id.The ego could also be said to be a defense against the superego and its ability to drive the individual subject towards inaction or suicide as a result of crippling guilt.Freud sometimes represents the ego as continually struggling to defend itself from three dangers or masters: “from the external world, from the libido of the id, and from the severity of the super-ego”(“Ego and the Id” 716).Super-Ego: The super-ego is the faculty that seeks to police what it deems unacceptable desires;it represents all moral restrictions and is the “advocate of a striving towards perfection”(“New Introductory Lectures” 22.67).Originally, the super-ego had the task of repreing the Oedipus complex and, so, is closely caught up in the psychodramas of the id;it is, in fact, a reaction-formation against the primitive object-choices of the id, specifically those connected with the Oedipus complex.The young heterosexual male deals with the Oedipus complex by identifying with and internalizing the father and his prohibitions: “The super-ego retains the character of the father, while the more intense the Oedipus complex was and the more rapidly it succumbed to repreion(under the influence of discipline, religious teaching, schooling and reading), the more exacting later on is the domination of the super-ego over the ego—in the form of conscience or perhaps of an unconscious sense of guilt”(“Ego and the Id” 706).Given its intimate connection with the Oedipus complex, the super-ego is aociated with the dread of castration.As
we grow into adulthood, various other individuals or organizations will take over the place of the father and his prohibitions(the church, the law, the police, the government).Because of its connection to the id, the superego has the ability to become exceively moral andthus lead to destructive effects.The super-ego is closely connected to the “ego ideal.” The redirection of sexual desire to “higher” aims.Freud saw sublimation as a protection against illne, since it allowed the subject to respond to sexual frustration(lack of gratification of the sexual impulse)by taking a new aim that, though still “genetically”(Introductory Lectures 16.345)related to the sexual impulse, is no longer properly sexual but social.In this way, civilization has been able to place “social aims higher than the sexual ones, which are at bottom self-interested”(Introductory Lectures 16.345).This is not to say that the “free mobility of the libido”(Introductory Lectures 16.346)is ever fully contained: “sublimation is never able to deal with more than a certain fraction of libido”(Introductory Lectures 16.346 Oedipus Complex: For Freud, the childhood desire to sleep with the mother and to kill the father.Freud describes the source of this complex in his Introductory Lectures(Twenty-First Lecture): “You all know the Greek legend of King Oedipus, who was destined by fate to kill his father and take his mother to wife, who did everything poible to escape the oracle's decree and punished himself by blinding when he learned that he had none the le unwittingly committed both these crimes”(16.330).According to Freud, Sophocles' play, Oedipus Rex, illustrates a formative stage in each individual's psychosexual development, when the young child transfers his love object from the breast(the oral phase)to the mother.At this time, the child desires the mother and resents(even secretly desires the murder)of the father.(The Oedipus complex is closely connected to the castration complex.)Such primal desires are, of course, quickly repreed but, even among the mentally sane, they will arise again in dreams or in literature.Among those individuals who do not progre properly into the genital phase, the Oedipus Complex, according to Freud, can still be playing out its psychdrama in various displaced, abnormal, and/or exaggerated ways.See also Freud Module 3 on repreion and Freud Module 1 on psychosexual development.
