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Puritanism: The puritans established their own religious and moral principles known as American puritanism which became one of the enduring influence in American thought and American literature.American puritanism streed predestination, original sin, total depravity, limited atonement(or the salvation of a selected few)from God's grace.They built a way of life that streed hard word, thrift and sobriety.Calvinism:It is a system of Christian theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant reformer in the 16th century, and further developed by his followers.The term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader.Calvinism is perhaps best known for its doctrine of predestination, and its history is aociated with some notable experiments in Christian theocracy.Great Awakening:It is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century.It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought.In New England it was started(1734)by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.Deism：Appeared on the 18th century, the belief based solely on reason, in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, auming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation.Romanticism:was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.The streed the close relationship between man and nature, emphasized, individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Transcendentalism：In the 1830s and 1840s, some new Englanders, not quite happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their times, formed themselves into an informal club, the Transcendentalist Club, and met to discu matters of interest to the life of the nation as a whole.They expreed their views, published their journal, the Dial, and made their voice heard.The representatives are Emerson and Thoreau.Free verse: also known as “open form”verse,is the verse without regular meter,line length, rhyme(scheme), or stanza , depending on natural speech rhythms related to the actual cadence of the poet expreing himself, it is different from the conventional schemed verse.Gothic elements:Supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action High emotion, sentimentalism, but also pronounced anger, surprise and especially terror.Use of words indicating fear, mystery, etc.: apparition, devil, ghost, haunted, terror, fright, fainting.Realism:American Realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against Romanticism.It strees truthful treatment of material.It focuses on commonne of the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The three dominant figures of the period are William Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.
