SER#9.The production of speech sounds[材料]_富士康ser

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The production of speech sounds

Articulators above the larynx

All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting.The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds;muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth.After paing through the larynx, the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils.Here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere.We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract, and in order to learn how the sounds of speech are produced it is neceary to become familiar with the different parts of the vocal tract.These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.Fig.1 is a diagram that is used frequently in the study of phonetics.It represents the human head, seen from the side, displayed as though it had been cut in half.You will need to look at it carefully as the articulators are described, and you will often find it useful to have a mirror and a good light placed so that you can look at the inside of your mouth.i)The pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx.It is about 7 cm long in women and about 8 cm in men, and at its top end it is divided into two, one part being the back of the mouth and the other being the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity.If you look in your mirror with your mouth open, you can see the back of the pharynx.ii)The velum or soft palate is seen in the diagram in a position that allows air to pa through the nose and through the mouth.Yours is probably in that position now, but

often in speech it is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose.The other

important thing about the velum is that it is one of the articulators that can be touched by the tongue.When we make the sounds / k/and / g/the tongue is in contact with the lower side of the velum, and we callthese velar consonants.iii)The hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth”.You can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue.iv)The alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the hard palate.You can feel its shape with your tongue.Its surface is really much rougher than it feels, and is

covered with little ridges.You can only see these if you have a mirror small enough to go inside your mouth(such as those used by dentists).Sounds made with the tongue touching here(such as / t /and/d /)are called alveolar.v)The tongue is, of course, a very important articulator and it can be moved into many different places and different shapes.It is usual to divide the tongue into different parts, though there are no clear dividing lines within the tongue.Fig.2 shows the tongue on a larger scale with these parts shown: tip, blade, front, back and root.(This use of the word “front” often seems rather strange at first.)