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《英语语言学概论》复习题
考试形式：开卷
I.True or False:(2%×10=20%)
（）1.African-American Vernacular English is an inferior dialect of English.（）2.The same set of vowels is used in all languages.（）3.Received Pronunciation is very prestigious in Britain.（）4.Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences.（）5.Since people take turns in speaking, overlaps are unlikely in conversation.（）6.With transformations, we can organize a sentence the way we like（）7.A perlocutionary act is performed by the hearer.（）9.Different social claes often have their own dialects.（）10.Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face（）11.There is universal agreement about the origin of language.（）12.Some words are always superordinate while some others are always hyponyms.（）13.Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences（）14.Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.（）15.“John cooked Jane a cake” presupposes “John cooked something for Jane”.（）16.By “anaphora” we mean reference through the use of pronominal forms to something that has already been mentioned in the preceding text..II.Multiple choice:(2%×10=20%)
Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.1.The pair of words “wife” and “husband” are ________________.A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2.The word “phone” is formed through______________.A.back formation B.blending C.clipping D.derivation 3.“My father has gone to Shanghai?” ___ “I have a father.” A.is synonymous with B.is inconsistent with C.entails D.presupposes
4.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ____________phonetics.A.auditory B.acoustic
C.articulatory D.none of the above three 5.English consonants can be claified into stops.fricatives, nasals, etc., in terms of __________.A.manner of articulation
B.openne of mouth C.place of articulation D.voicing 6.Synonyms are claified into several kinds.The kind to which “little” and “small” belong is called ___________ synonyms.A.stylistic B.dialectal
C.emotive D.collocational 7.The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called__________.A.phonetics B.morphology
C.syntax D.semantics 8.___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A.Lingua franca B.Creole C.Pidgin D.Standard language 9.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ____________.A.prescriptive B.sociolinguistic C.descriptive D.psycholinguistic 10.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is/are the most flexible.A.mouth
B.lips
C.tongue
D.vocal cords
11.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)___________.A.bound morpheme B.bound form C.inflectional morpheme D.free morpheme
12.A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator 13.“Can I borrow your bike?” ____________ “You have a bike.” A.is synonymous with B.is inconsistent with C.entails D.presupposes
14.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A.semantics B.pragmatics C.sociolinguistics D.psycholinguistics
15.The maxim exploited in one kind of the Chinese ads “买一赠一” is _______________..A.relation
B.quality
C.quantity
D.manner
III.Definitions:(5%×2=10%)
1.duality
One of the major defining features of human language.Human language consists of two levels.At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningle while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds.It is also known as double articulation.2.diachronic linguistics
.Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.3.broad transcription
A way to transcribe speech sounds.The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound.It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.4.morphological rules
The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.5.phrase structure rule
.a rewrite rule that allows for the poible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences 6.relational opposites a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.For example, “husband” and “wife”, “father” and “son” etc.7.componential analysis
is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be diected into meaning components, called semantic features.For example, the word “man” is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.8.context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge aumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.9.euphemism A euphemism is a mild, indirect or le offensive word or expreion that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g.“pa away” for “die”.10.Bilingualism: refers to a phenomenon where two languages are used side by side with each other, each having a different role to play.Many children in Australia may poe all four skills solely in the official language English, while they may be able to understand the spoken form of their parents’ language(for example, Chinese)and barely able to speak.11.surface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people usually produce and receive.12.deep structure: it can defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.13.positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ‘personality’(crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants.14.negative face : the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction-i.e.to the freedom of action and freedom from imposition
IV.Briefly Answer:(10%×2=20%)
1.What are the branches of linguistics(or what is the scope of linguistics)? 2.What are the criteria of claifying English vowels? 3.What are the criteria of claifying English consonants？
4.What role does body language play in language communication? 5.List the 4 maxims of Cooperative Principle.6.How does bilingualism differ from digloia ? 7.List the 6 maxims of Politene Principle
V.Eay Questions:(30%)
Directions: Analyze the examples and answer the questions as required.1.Analyze the following conversation and try to answer the two questions: Why are people indirect in daily communication? And are there any different effects when Chinese and people in western countries use humor in the same situation? Give your reasons.2.People usually use “lower income brackets” to substitute for “the poor”, “developing countries”
for “poor countries”.In English, what do we call this phenomenon? And can you give more examples to illustrate their functions?
