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1.American Puritanism
it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousne（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.2.Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of claical writing.When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers.They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expreed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, eays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to
an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It exprees the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Transcendentalism(先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).Mainly it streed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.5.Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismied the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankne, presenting characters of low social and economic claes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.6.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.
