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合同翻译中英讲解
英语合同翻译
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件
合同翻译中英讲解
supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all loes or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether„ or not：不论„„是否（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.合同翻译中英讲解
accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commiion shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commiion：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” iued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.合同翻译中英讲解
applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unle otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commiion.注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commiion, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commiion：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unle otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commiion：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications
合同翻译中英讲解
other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计
（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and aembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件
（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利（6）take other neceary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。
例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical aistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Aistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Aistance Agreement”).注释：
（1）certain license and technical aistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2）the technical aistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。
例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably poible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably poible：尽实际可能最大限度地
合同翻译中英讲解
例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务（3）debtor：债务人（4）creditor：债权人 参考译文： 本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务
四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的„„，本法（中）的„„”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of busine operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other busine operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Busine operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3）refer to：是指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other busine operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7）busine operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于 参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其
合同翻译中英讲解
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unle otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(„Named port of shipment)：船上交货（„）
（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(„Named port of destination)：成本加运费（„）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(„Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（„„）（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》 参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6 Unle otherwise exprely provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释：
（1）unle otherwise exprely provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：争议（3）controversy：纠纷（4）difference：歧意
（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文：
除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。
合同翻译中英讲解
注释：
（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付义务（2）reimbursement：偿付
（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免税的（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：
借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。
五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文
语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。
例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of aociation hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：
（1）in accordance with：under 根据
（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法（3）Hereinafter：以下
（4）articles of aociation：合营公司章程（条款）（5）hereby：特此
（6）formulate：prepare 制订 参考译文：
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由
公司（以下称甲方）与
公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);
合同翻译中英讲解
documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释：
（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）
（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市
（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市 参考译文：
申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释：
（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例 prepare：制定
（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人民共和国公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》
（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法人资格
（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为 参考译文：
为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。
例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释：
（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流
（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资
（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发
合同翻译中英讲解
参考译文：
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commiions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释：
（1）its authorized Commiions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关（3）register with：办理登记手续
（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局
（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局 参考译文：
外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。
六 therein 英文释义:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的„„，工程中的„„”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying
合同翻译中英讲解
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注释：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 参考译文：
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注释：
（1）exemption：免征税款
（2）local authorities：地方当局
（3）any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构
（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根据合同规定（6）shall be due：应予以征收的（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述 参考译文： 任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。
例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注释：
（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。（2）at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in the Tax Law 参考译文：
在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。
例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the
合同翻译中英讲解
（6）drawer：出单人
（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 项目内容（9）referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的 参考译文：
当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。
例10 If any lo or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such lo or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释：
（1）lo or damage：损失与损坏 注：lo与damage同义，同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。
（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而不能译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自费（5）rectify：弥补，纠正
（6）Permanent Works：永久工程
（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：达到工程师满意的程度 参考译文：
在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。
七.thereof 英文释义: of that, of it 中文译词:由此,其
用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的„„”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1：
合同翻译中英讲解
Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注释：
（1）Tests on Completion：竣工检验（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定
（3）Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程
（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：of the Works 参考译文：
竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。
例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal proce in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal proce in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal proce shall be borne by the principal.注释：
（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒绝证书
（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款
（5）the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银行
（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（7）the principal：委托人 参考译文：
托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。
银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。
例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注释:（1）makes the specification：订明规格
（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification规格的细节（3）the communication in question：该通知（4）shall be binding：应具有约束力 参考译文：
合同翻译中英讲解
例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注释：
（1）this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止（2）transparency：图片（3）specifications：规格
（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生产和操作资料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品 参考译文：
如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。
八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder
1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 随附；附之 3）therewith: with that 与此；与之 4）therefor: for that 因之；为此
5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照
用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。
例1：
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注释：
（1）
decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决（2）
the judgment：司法判决
（3）
any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权（4）
the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract（5）
in good faith：以良好诚信的态度 参考译文：
仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。
例2：
合同翻译中英讲解
例5：
The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be iued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be iued by the Engineer as soon as poible.注释：
（1）
the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书
（2）
the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止
（3）
different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分（4）
any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程
参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。
例6：
The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注释：
（1）
commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。
（2）
the Disbursement Date：贷款发放日（3）
the Termination Date：贷款终止日（4）
from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Date
参考译文：
借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。
合同翻译中英讲解
workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical aistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
注释：
（1）
proprietary technical information：专有技术信息
（2）
designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料
（3）
the right and licence：许可权利（4）
technical aistance：技术协助（5）
trademarks：商标 参考译文：
鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；
鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利； 鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标； 双方兹就下列内容达成一致：
例3：
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:
注释：
（1）
whereas：鉴于
（2）
severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地（3）
an aggregate amount：总额
（4）
the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下 参考译文：
鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：
例4：
Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
合同翻译中英讲解
promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”?L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmiion of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要约和绝对接受)2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿)4.genuinene of consent(同意的真实性)5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力)6.legality of object(标的物的合法性)7.poibility of performance(履行的可能性)8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性)9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)Black 'Law Dictionary“ 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with ”contract“, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an eential element of a contact.” 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（eential clauses/provisions）。实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)2.contract object(标的)3.quantity(数量)4.quality(质量)5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)6.time limit, place and method of performance(履行期限、地点和方式)7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任)8.methods to settle disputes(解决争议的方法)上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。2．“契约”的英语表达 英语中表达契约的用语有：covenant, indenture, deed和compact。它们含义有无区别呢。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，covenant是指：Agreement, convention or promise or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledged himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts.The term is currently used primarily with respect to promises in conveyance or other instruments relating to real estate.看来covenant主要指针对不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，indenture 是指：A deed between tow parties conveying real estate by which both parities aume obligations, Historically, indenture referred to a crease or wavy cut that was made in duplicates of the deed so their authenticity could be verified later.看来indenture针对的也是不动产转让，但在传统做法中为证明其真实性，被人一撕为二，留下折痕或波纹状撕痕，以供未来核对的那种契约就叫indenture.在Black的“Law Dictionary”
合同翻译中英讲解
construction engineering and installation of project(建议工程承包、安装合同)服务方面有：Technical service agreement, technical consulting agreement, technical development agreement, technical transfer agreement, licensing agreement.(技术服务、咨询、开发、转让、许可协议)；Agency agreement(代理协议)Insurance contract(保险合同)Financing agreement(融资协议)Venture capital management agreement(风险投资管理协议)Employment contract for legal consultant(法律顾问协议)公司方面包括有：joint venture contract(合资企业合同)articles of aociation, corporate bylaw(章程)partnership agreement(合伙协议)agreement on aignment of equity interests(股权转让协议)composition agreement(和解协议)物流（Logistics）方面包括有：sales contract(买卖合同)purchase contract(采购合同)carriage/transportation contract(运输合同)import and export contract(进出口合同)warehousing and safekeeping contract(仓储保管合同)contract for compensation trade(补偿贸易合同)人身（personal right）方面包括有：legacy-support agreement(遗赠抚养协议)divorce agreement(离婚协议)4．合同的订立、变更、终止、解除、撤销 汉语中关于合同的订立、变更、解除和撤销说法确定，而英语的表达有有多种。英语中关于合同的订立的表述有：Make a contract Enter into a contract Form a contract Create a contract Conclude a contract Execute a contract Covenant名词科短语的形式分别是：The making of contract The conclusion of contract The entry into contract The formation of a contract The creation of a contract The conclusion of contract The execution of contract Covenant如英文合同、协议的开始句：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______(year)by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows:本协议/合同由甲乙双方于______年______月______日订立，双方特此约定如下：英语中关于合同变更的表述有Alter: 名词形式alteration，指只改变合同细节而不致合同丧失原貌；Change: 名词形式与动词同，指实质性导致合同丧失原貌的变更Modify: 名词形式modification，指根据新的意图，并限定在该意图之内的变更英语中关于合同的终止与撤销的表达法有：1.Terminate a contract ,名词形式termination of contract Black's Law Dictionary解释说：Termination refers to an ending, usually before the end of the anticipated term of the contract, which termination may be my mutual agreement or may be by exercise of one party of one of his remedies due to the default of the other party.Termination通常指合同在约定期满之前终止履行。该终止既可经双方同意而做出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。但是《美国统一商法典》却规定，“终止”是指合同方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同（Under the Uniform Commercial Code, “termination” means legally ending a contract without being broken by either side）2.cancel a contract,Black's Law Dictionary解释说：cancellation occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the canceling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.Cancel 指一方另因另一方违约而解除或取消合同，其效力与termination（终止）一词几乎一致，不同点在于撤销一方仍有权对整个合同或合同中未履行部分主张救济。3.discharge contract Steven H.Gifis 的“Law Dictionary”解释说：When it is said that a contract is discharged, it always meant that one or more of the legal relations of the parties have been terminated.The meaning that is most commonly intended is that the legal duty of one of the parties has been terminated.A party who is aerted to be under a legal duty by virtue of his contract may reply that duty has been discharged by some factor that has occurred since the making of the contract.Discharge a
合同翻译中英讲解
and B______,(hereinafter called “The Manager”)of the other part.句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __”；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witne our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of SignatureAddreOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。B.美国APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____(addre)(hereinafter referred to as “the Company”)as one part and Mr._______ of _______(addre)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:1.THAT the Company shall „2.This agreement shall commence on „.3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)Contractor esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation(有的合同还惯用position).C.香港CONTRACTCONTACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER: NameLegal AddreContactTHE SELLER: NameLegal AddreContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2.PRICE3.PAYMENT4.PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLER___________ ___________By:__________ By:__________Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________THE END USER___________By: __________Date:--------____-_________比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。D.日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD(hereinafter referred to as “ARTY A”), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as “ARTY B”)WITNESSTH:WHEREAS, PARTY B has
合同翻译中英讲解
保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or lo)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witne whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有：“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”“停业”用“wind up a busine”或“cease(名词是ceation)a busine”,而不用“end/stop a busine”专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”以实物出资为“investment in kind”“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may aign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。3． 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, aign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell, transfer, aign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。并列的词还有：ships and veelupport and maintenancelicenses and permitscharges, fees, costs and expensesany and allany duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, succeors and aignscontrol and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules5.拉丁词在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal aistance委托代理人：多用agent ad litem不可抗力： force majuere.说真的，我期待过你的出场。
未认识你以前，我便有想象过你会是什么样子——长发还是短发、文艺还是清纯、非主流还是海归范儿。只是当你出现时，我发现跟想象中的完全不一样；而跟你相熟了之后，我慢慢觉得你就该是这样，这样的你，才是我曾经期待过的你。那天你终于出现——有了朱恒玉在你来之前一个月提起你要来、有了Micheal提起与你的面试、有了同事声称今天要来个美女....这一切，好像都在为你的到来做
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