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新编英语教程(李观仪)A New English Course
Space Requirements How much living space does a person need? What happens when these space requirements are not adequately met? Sociologists and psychologists are conducting experiments on rats to try to determine the effects of overcrowding on humans.Recent studies have shown that the behavior of rats is greatly affected by space.If rats have adequate living space, they eat well, sleep well and reproduce well.But if their living conditions become too crowded, their behavior patterns and even their health conditions change perceptibly.They cannot sleep and eat well, and signs of fear and tension become obvious.The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other.Thus, for rats, population and violence are directly related.Is this a natural law for human society as well? Is adequate space not only desirable but also eential for human survival? There is an inn where I lived one summer,writing my book and observing the tourists.Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats, and off yachts, all day they amble up the towpath, looking for what? The cathedral is decorated with eraly mosaics—scenes from hell, much restored, and a great sad, austere Madonna;Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.They wander into the church and look around aimlely.They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair, said to be the throne of Attila.They relentlely tear at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day have scented the whole island.As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown into the canal.The Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something.The English declare that they cannot afford to do this.They take food which they have brought with them into the vineyard and I am sorry to say leave the devil of a me behind them.Every Thursday Germans come up the towpath, marching as to war, with a Leader.There is a standing order for fifty luncheons at the inn;while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone.After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture.They, at least, know what they are seeing.Then they march back to their boat.They are tidy;they leave on litter.More interesting, however, than the behavior of the tourists is that of the islanders.As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.Babies toddle about offering four-leafed clovers and hoping for a tip.More cries of ―Buona fortuna‖.The priest organizes holy proceions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.And so the play goes on.The tourists are incredibly mean, they hardly leave anything on the island except empty cigarette boxes and flapping Daily Mails.The lace is expensive, but they might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies;they seem to have hearts of stone.As soon as the last boat has gone, down comes the curtain.The ―gondoliers‖ shed their white linen jackets and silly straw hats and go back to Burano, taking Eric , highly diatisfied with his earnings and saying if this goes on he will die of hunger.The sweet old women let the smiles fade from their faces, put away their lace-making pillows, and turn to ordinary activities of village life such as drowning kittens.The father of the clover babies creeps about on his knees finding four-leafed clovers for the next day.The evening reproaches ring out, the moon comes up, the flapping Daily Mails blow into the lagoon.Torcello is itself again.You will be more succeful in bringing others to your belief if you agree with them than if you show evidence for your point of view.People are ruled more by whim than by wisdom.A learned profeion is sometimes defined as any job that employs scholarly achievement in the service of others.According to this definition, any position involving extensive academic training that is subsequently used in the service of society is to be considered a learned profeion.When the consumer makes choices, he is actually deciding the kinds of products that businees will offer for sale, an article that has little demand and yields small profit will be discontinued by busine.The speaker argued that one trouble with price supports is that they are too high, they encourage production that is not needed.If farmers know they are going to get the support price(支持性价格，通过补贴等形式对农民保证农产品最低价格), they will produce all they can without regard for what the market will actually take.THE SUBWAY(Tom Wolfe)In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York.There is a sense of madne and disorientation at almost every expre stop.The ceilings are low, the vistas are long, there are no landmarks, the lightning is an eerie blend of fluorescent tubing, electric light bulbs and neon advertising.The whole place is a gro aault on the senses(感官).The noise of the trains stopping or rounding curves has a high-pitched harshne that is difficult to describe.People feel no qualms about pushing whenever it becomes crowded.Your tactile sense(触觉)takes a crucifying you never dreamed poible.The odors become unbearable when the weather is warm.Between platforms, record shops broadcast 45 r.p.m records with metallic tones and lunch counters serve the kind of hot dogs in which you bite through a tensile, rubbery surface and then hit a soft, oleaginous center like cottonseed meal, and the customers sit there with pastry and bread flakes caked around their mouths, belching to themselves so that their cheeks pop out flatulently now and then.Cake（使）结块，（使）凝结 a cake of soap一块肥皂 shoes caked with mud粘结了泥块的鞋
The underground spaces seem to attract every eccentric paion.A small and ancient man with a Bible, an American flag and a megaphone haunts（vt.常去，常到）the subways of Manhattan.He opens the Bible and quotes from it in a strong but old and monotonous voice.He uses the megaphone at expre stops, where the noise is too great for his voice to be heard ordinarily, and calls for redemption.Also beggars.And among the beggars New York’s status competition is renewed, there in the much-despised subway.On the Seventh Avenue IRT line the competition is maniacal.Some evenings the beggars ricochet off one another between stops, calling one another—s and –-s and telling each other to go find their own-----car.A mere blind man with a cane and a cup is mediocre busine.What is demanded is entertainment.Two boys, one of them with a bongo drum, get on and the big boy, with the drum, starts beating on it as soon as the train starts up, and the little boy goes into what paes for a native dance.Then, if there is room, he goes into a tumbling act.He runs from one end of the car, first in the direction the train is going, and does a complete somersault in the air, landing on his feet.Then he runs back the other way and does a somersault in the air, only this time against the motion of the train He does this several times both ways, doing some native dancing in between.This act takes so long that it can be done properly only over a long stretch, such as the run between 42nd Street and 72nd Street.After the act is over, the boys pa along the car with Dixie cups, asking for contributions.Since nylon[nailon] is unaffected by mold(霉菌), fungus(真菌), and moisture(潮湿), it was useful during World War Ⅱ in making equipment for jungle fighting.In attaining one’s objectives, subtle direction is often more effective than brute force.Men will yield to persuasion when they would resist coertion.Each year textbooks become shorter and at the same time convey more solid(印刷，行间的)密排的 information.Their authors tend increasingly toward compactne(紧密,坚实,压缩,简洁).If the battle is hard, victory is all the more(更加，越发)glorious.It is the difficulty of obtaining something that gives the thing its value.He had a delicate(精致柔弱的；要求悉心处置的，难处理的；考虑周到，为他人着想的)dislike of offending other men’s opinions.He dealt with them tenderly.This is a somewhat delicate subject.这是个有点敏感的话题 American cities, with few exceptions, resemble each other greatly.It is true that some of them may be constructed chiefly of wood, while others are chiefly brick, but in every other respect they are markedly uniform.Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that in some cultures, like ours, values change: what is new is good.Thus in many modern societies clothing styles change yearly, while people in traditional societies may wear the same style of clothing for many generations.Many industries promote quick changes in fashions to increase their sales.Fashions are stimulated, too, by the quest for prestige and social mobility(社会地位的流动).Although a new style occasionally originates from lower-status groups, as blue jeans did, most fashions trickle down from the top.Upper-cla people adopt some style or artifact as a badge(标记,象征,徽章)of their status, but they cannot monopolize垄断，独占 most status symbols for long.The style or object adopted by the middle-cla may be copied and modified for use by lower-status groups, providing people wit(vt,vi,知道n.智力，才智)the prestige of poeing a high-status symbol.By trickling down, however, the symbol eventually loses its prestige.The upper-cla adopts a new style, until too ―trickled down‖ and must be replaced by another.Education was the key to upward social mobility.教育是提高社会地位的关键 Trickle down(尤指钱经国家经济体制)由富人向贫者滴流 If the wealthy pay le tax, the benefits should trickle down to people on lower incomes.如富人减少纳税，低收入者应该可以受惠。“滴入论，垂滴论”富者愈富应该能惠及贫者，如提供更多工作机会。Early aviation engineers found they could increase the speed of an airplane by streamlining its shape.Compared with large aircraft, small airplanes are not as streamlined and hence are le efficient.Even though relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently.Many a person who lives in New York thinks that life in a large city offers special advantages.Not all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground;some of it is lost through evaporation.Dogs poe hearing and smelling abilities superior to those of their owners.This very interesting novel has only one fault.I mention this fault without fear of offending the author, for obviously on writer is infallible[in’f※libl]一贯正确的 Although we are tolerant in allowing men of genius to have eccentricities of behavior, we don’t think of such behavior as neceary or advantageous.A true genius is himself ashamed of being too different and does not try to set himself apart from other people by whimsical peculiarities.Human curiosity has no stopping point.When it finds an answer to a question, it seeks an explanation for the answer.It accepts no primary principles that govern the universe;rather, it seeks something still prior in the order of nature.There are a few persons whose views of the future prospects of this project are gloomy.But they are certainly in the minority.The prevailing atmosphere is one of optimism, for many recent developments point to the workability of the project.It has always been dangerous to teach men new ideas contradictory to those generally accepted.The first men who taught that the earth is round were persecuted.The governing principle of our age is accumulation, and that which is profited is used to gain more profit.Even in the pursuit of knowledge this is so;for knowledge is sought for its own sake and employed for its own increase.The human vocal apparatus器械,装置,设备[解器官 is equipped to produce only a certain number of sounds.A comparison of any two languages will reveal sounds that are similar.A respect for accuracy is neceary to the building of character.A child must learn to discriminate 辨别区别歧视排斥between the poibly justifiable可证明为正当的,情有可原的,无可非议的 action and the absolutely correct action.Hence, it is more eential that a child be taught mathematics than philosophy, for the former provides training in exactne of performance.A good speaker varies his speed of delivery to match the significance of his oratory演讲.Slow speech is appropriate for the important ideas, but the le weighty material should be disposed of rather speedily.It is important that with variety of material there should be variety of tempo速度拍子节奏 The Origins of the Romance Languages The Romance languages of today came originally from Latin, which was the official language of the Roman Empire.As the Empire spread gradually acro a great part of Europe, Latin was introduced everywhere as the official language of government and administration.Spoken Latin was consistent from one area to another in the early days of the Empire.But later, when the Empire began to fall apart, the Roman administrators began to disappear.Gradually, the Latin of each region began to develop in its own way.Separated from each other by great distances and naturally influenced by the speech of the local people, each area slowly developed its own distinctive characteristics to the point where separate languages were formed.The modern Romance languages include the national languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Rumanian.Catalan, Provencal, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinia, and Moldavian are regional Romance languages, limited in use to smaller areas within individual countries.In every society there are norms that tell individuals how they are supposed to behave.The conflict between romantic dreams and harsh reality has been the theme of many great novels.In informal situations, we often overgeneralize from the facts.For example:‖She is never on time‖;―Advertising is only a pack of lies.‖ A little consideration shows us that in reality all-or-none, black-or-white situations are rare;reality is more accurately described in terms of finer shadings and degrees.A person can learn to operate a camera succefully without knowing much about the science of optics.By the same token, he can become a good marksman神枪手 without a knowledge of ballistics弹道学.Knowledge and pleasure are inextricably interlocked.It is impoible for us to learn what we don’t enjoy, and we cannot enjoy that which does not impart learning.One consequence of wind action is that large areas are frequently ―leveled off‖, for wind tends to move loose material from higher places and deposit it in depreions沮丧;抑郁;凹,地坑.Rainwater collects in shallow depreions in the ground.雨水积聚在地上的浅坑里
As we become fatigued, it is neceary to narrow our field of attention in order to avoid decreased efficiency at a particular task.On a long automobile trip, the good driver gradually ceases to carry on a conversation.Ice erosion has played le part than has water erosion in changing the contours of the earth’s surface because the activity of ice erosion, both temporally and spatially, has been more restricted.If we are to improve the quality of this writing, we must do more than merely criticized it.We must explain why we do so.Inferior work is most effectively remedied when we know why it is poor.That night a blizzard commenced开始, increasing in fury from moment to moment.They now found that the place chosen for the hut for shelter was more than usele.They had far better have built it in the open, for the fierce wind, instead of striking them directly, was deflected on to them in furious whirling gusts.Heavy blocks of snow and rock placed on the roof were blown away and the canvas ballooned up, tearing and straining at its securings---its disappearance could only be a matter of time.Inside the hut they waited for the roof to vanish, wondering what they could do if it went, and vainly endeavoring to make it secure.After fourteen hours it went, as they were trying to pin down one corner.The smother of snow was upon them, and they could only dive for their sleeping bags with a gasp;all were silent for a night and half a day while the wind howled on;the snow entered every chink and crevice of the sleeping bags, and the occupants shivered and wondered how it would all end.Then, when everything is lined up安排就绪, I bound out of bed跳下床 and have lunch.I find that a good, heavy lunch, with some sort of glutinous deert, is good preparation for the day’s work as it keeps one from getting nervous and excitable.We workers must keep cool and calm, otherwise we would just throw away our time in jumping about and fidgeting.It has been said that science appeals to the intellect and art to the emotions.Is music then art or science? Perhaps it is all things to all people.Some people’s appreciation of music is purely intellectual.They listen for form and techniques of composition and execution.To them music is primarily science.A whirling body tends to fly away from the center.The heavier the body is, the greater is this tendency.This is the principle on which the cream separator works.Since the cream is heavier than skim milk脱脂奶, it is drawn off at the edges.When man’s physical needs are satisfied, his poible desires increase immeasurably.By the introduction of labor-saving devices and machinery, and thus the creation of leisure time, man is able to use his energy to want new articles and activities.Then, production can be expanded to fill wants that were previously nonexistent.Liberal education has achieved its goal if its recipients are able to distinguish between factual validity and attractive speciousne, between the frankly natural and the merely vulgar, between sentimentality and honest emotion.Any man who not only has been exposed to, but has aimilated吸收,同化 a truly liberal education, can be expected to poe an intelligent and discriminating有辨别能力的;区别对待的 mind.discriminating duties差别关税 If a work of art is to be deemed great by succeive generations, it must embody those characteristics of form which all mankind recognizes as the most harmonious.deem:认为,相信 deem highly of对…给予高度评价 embody:体现;使具体化;包含,收录 The new edition embodies many improvements.One of the most distinctive marks of our way of life is our moral interpretation of succe and failure.We insist upon seeing a direct relationship between what we do and what we get.Succe, to us, is the desert of those who attain it rather than a matter of birthright生来就有的权力,长子继承权;failure is the penalty for falling below the ethical standard.We have equated succe with virtue.desert :.功过,应得的赏罚;美德 obtain one’s deserts得到应有的赏罚 Are artists more creative than other people? Maybe, maybe not.The profeion of an artist is not the only one that requires creativity.Scientists, mathematicians, writers, teachers, busine executives, doctors, lawyers, librarians, computer programmers---people in every line of work, if they are any good, look for ways to be creative.The football coach who invents a new play is being creative, as is the plumber who devises设计,发明 an innovative way to prevent the washing machine from leaking.Artists occupy a special place in that 既然,因为they have devoted their lives to opening the channels of visual creativity.The Aims of Education Culture is activity of thought, and receptivene to beauty and humane feeling.Scraps of information have nothing to do with it.A merely well-informed man is the most usele bore令人讨厌的人 on God’s earth.What we should aim at producing is men who poe both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction.Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art.We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self-development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty.As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve.As saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning.Surprise was expreed at the succe in after-life of a man, who as a boy a Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished.He answered, ―It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters.‖
In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call ―inert ideas‖—that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry卖弄学问迂腐 and routine.Although the early legends are not statements of fact, they are of very great value to the world as being illustrative of the spirit, the manners and customs, the religious beliefs, and other characteristics of the race from which they originated.The value of folklore is not to be measured by its fidelity to literal facts.Roots of Freedom Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere.Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, were all tyrannies, one immensely powerful man ruling over helple maes, and a time came when the Athenians were led by a great man who did not want to be powerful.Absolute obedience to the ruler was what the leaders of the empires insisted on.Athens said no, there must never be absolute obedience to a man except in war.There must be willing obedience to what is good for all.Pericles, the great Athenian statesman, said :‖ We are a free government, but we obey the laws, more especially those which protect the oppreed, and the unwritten laws which, if broken bring shame.‖ Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves paed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindne and pity and the many qualities without which life would be intolerable except to a hermit隐士 in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was self-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was imposed on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety.The creed of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.This was the conception that underlay the lofty reach of Greek genius.
