A few days after Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn into office_ro仙境传说怪物介绍

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A few days after Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn into office, he sat in the White House working on a radio speech about the country's banking crisis, scheduled for delivery on Sunday, March 12, 1933.It was the depths of the Depreion, with a quarter of Americans out of work, homele and destitute.Glancing out the window, FDR saw a workman taking down the inaugural scaffolding on the White House grounds.在富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福宣誓就职的几天后，他坐在白宫里起草一份关于美国银行业危机的广播演说，它将于1933年3月12日这个星期天播出。此时此刻，美国正处于经济大萧条的水深火热之中，四分之一的美国人不是失业，就是无家可归，穷困潦倒。罗斯福向窗外望去，只见一个工人正在拆掉白宫临时搭建的总统就职演说的平台。“I decided I'd try to make a speech that this workman could understand,” he told Louis Howe, his chief aide.“我一定要让这样的普通工人也能听得懂我的演讲。”他对首席助理路易斯·霍夫说。The American economic system was in a state of shock.On Saturday, March 4, a few hours before FDR's swearing-in, the

governors of New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania signed orders closing banks in those states.The New York Stock Exchange had suspended trading, and the Chicago Board of Trade bolted its doors for the first time since its founding in 1848.The terrifying “runs” that began the year before on more than 5,000 failing banks had stripped rural areas of capital and now threatened to overwhelm American cities.美国的经济体系正处于危难之中。3月4日星期六，就在罗斯福宣誓就职前几个小时，纽约州、伊利诺斯州和宾夕法尼亚州的州长们刚刚签署了指令，关闭这些州的银行。纽约证券交易所已经暂停了交易。而自从1848年成立以来，芝加哥期货交易所也头一次关上了大门。始于前一年的“挤兑”现象令人惊慌，5000多家银行倒闭，农村资金极度匮乏，而现在美国的城市也面临着全面的危机。This was the bottom.If you had your money in a bank that went bust, you were wiped out.With no idea whether banks would reopen, millions of people hid their few remaining aets under their mattrees, where no one could steal them without a fight.这就是底线了。如果你存钱的银行倒闭了，那么你也就完蛋了。数以百万计的美国人无法确定银行是否能够重新开门，于是把自己仅剩的那点财产都藏在褥垫下面。除非经过一场激战，藏在这里的钱谁也偷不走

Roosevelt's inaugural addre at the Capitol had begun to restore hope, with his standout line, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Yet the greatest applause came when he said that if his reform program was not adopted, “I shall ask Congre for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis: broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency.”罗斯福在国会的就职演讲给人们重新带来了希望，他那句最著名的话给人们留下了深刻的印象：“唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身。”当提到若改革措施不被接受时，他的决心得到了人们的大声喝彩：“我将向国会要求对付危机的最后手段——向紧急状况开战的广泛行政权力。”Then FDR used a new medium in a new way to change millions.罗斯福以新的方式利用了一种新媒体，改变了百万人的生活。The first Presidential radio broadcast was introduced by Robert Trout of CBS, who read from a folksy script approved by FDR: “The President wants to come into your home and sit at your fireside for a little

fireside chat.” FDR brought natural talent to the role.His speaking voice was a beautiful, relaxed tenor, not the contrived bao profundo of pompous politicians.第一次总统广播演讲是由CBS的罗伯特·特劳特向公众介绍的，这份亲切的介绍词受到了罗斯福的肯定：“总统希望来到你的家里，坐在壁炉旁，与大家做个炉边小谈。”对于完成这个任务，罗斯福有着天分。他的音质优美，语调放松，与那些华而不实的政客的虚情假意完全不同。

Roosevelt owed much to technological good fortune.In 1921, the number of radios in the United States was in the thousands.By 1928, there were 9 million, and by 1932, 18 million, with about half the households owning at least one radio.Herbert Hoover had appeared on one of the first “telecasts”

produced by an infant technology called television, but neither he nor anyone else knew how to use the broadcasting medium effectively.罗斯福的炉边谈话大大受益于技术的发展。1921年，全美收音机的数量只有几千台。而到了1928年，这个数字就达到了900万台。到1932年的时候，全美已经有1800万台收音机了，大约有一半的家庭每家至少有一台收音机。赫伯特·胡佛利用过一种叫做电视的新生技术，他曾经首次出现在“电视广播”上。但无论是胡佛还是其他人，都不知道如何有效地利用广播媒体。Roosevelt, though, was different.然而，罗斯福则与众不同。All afternoon, workers busily removed the gold pieces and Presidential china patterns in the Diplomatic Reception Room on the White House ground floor.In came bulky electrical equipment and telephone cables, connected to a desk and built-in microphone.Meanwhile, Roosevelt pictured people “gathered in the parlor, listening with their neighbors,” wrote Frances Perkins, who witneed many broadcasts.“As he talked, his head would nod and his hands wouldmove in natural, relaxed gestures.His face would light up as though he were actually sitting with people.”整个下午，工人们都在忙着搬走白宫外交接待大厅里的各种金饰品和总统瓷器，而搬进来的则是笨重的电气设备和电话电缆，这些设备都与一台桌子和内置的麦克风相连接。与此同时，罗斯福想象人们“聚在客厅里，与他们的邻居共同倾听”。曾经亲历了无数广播现场的弗朗西斯·珀金斯如是写道，“当罗斯福说话的时候，他点着头，并且做出各种自然而放松的手势。他的面孔熠熠生辉，就好像真的与人们坐在一起谈话一样。”The ritual went this way: Upstairs, FDR would put the finishing touches on every word and

phrase.He was obseed with punctuation.Grace Tully, his secretary, sometimes inserted extra commas when she typed, leading her bo to gently upbraid her for “wasting the taxpayers' commas.” His real concern was timing.He read aloud at about 100 words a minute, but he adjusted his pace for effect.At 6 p.m., Roosevelt had his throat sprayed for a sinus problem.Then he enjoyed cocktails and dinner.整个过程是这样进行的：在楼上，罗斯福对每个单词和短语进行最后的润色。他对标点符号非常在意，而秘书格雷斯·塔利打字时有时会多打一些逗号，她的老板会因此语气和善地批评她 “浪费纳税人的逗号”。罗斯福最关心的是时间把握问题。他大声朗读的速度大约是每分钟100个单词，但是他会调整自己的速度以求得到最好的效果。下午6点钟，因为鼻窦的问题罗斯福让人帮他冲洗了喉咙，然后就开始享用鸡尾酒和晚餐了。Moments before the first Fireside Chat was to air, there was a crisis.No one could find his leather-bound reading copy.Panic ensued for everyone except FDR, who calmly picked up a smudged, mimeographed copy.After sipping from a gla of water, he read the words perfectly on the air.就在第一次炉边谈话播出前一刻，还发生了一场危机：那份用皮革包边的朗读稿找不到了。大家都惊慌失措，而罗斯福则没有。他冷静地拿起一份脏兮兮的油印稿，啜饮了一点水之后，开始完美地朗读起来，并同时向全国播出。

The beauty of that first prime-time radio speech was its clarity.FDR walked people through the basics of banking without being patronizing.He outlined the proce for deciding which banks to open.“He made everyone understand it, even the bankers,” Will Rogers quipped later.这次黄金时段的广播演讲其美妙之处在于它的清晰。罗斯福帮助人们了解了银行业的基本原理，而没有任何施恩于人的姿态。对于哪些银行要开业，他大体介绍了其决策过程。“他让每个人都清楚明白——甚至包括银行家

在内。”威尔·罗杰斯后来打趣地说道。In the middle of the speech, Roosevelt said simply, “I can aure you that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattre.” By raising an iue that made so many feel shameful, he lifted the shame—offering listeners a way to strike a patriotic blow by simply depositing money into a solvent bank.Those who planned instead to withdraw money were gently thrown in with an unsavory lot.Hoarding, the President said, “has become an exceedingly unfashionable pastime.”在演讲中，罗斯福简单地说道：“我敢向大家保证，把钱存在重新开业的银行里，比放在褥子底下要安全。”他提及了这件让很多人羞愧的事情，旨在帮助人们摆脱羞愧——他告诉人们只要把钱存入有偿付能力的银行，就是一种爱国之举。而打算把钱从银行取走则被温和地指为不明智的行为。总统说，囤积，“已经成为一种极度不流行的消遣行为了。”Then he returned to themes so popular in his inaugural.“Confidence and courage are the eentials in carrying out our plan.Let us unite in banishing fear.We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system.Together we cannot fail.”然后他又回到在其就职演说中深受欢迎的主题。“在执行计划的过程中，信心和勇气必不可少。让我们联合起来，赶走恐惧。我们已经有了恢复金融体系的机制。只要团结起来，就不会失败的。”Jim Farley, a top political advisor, wrote that if judged by its impact, this speech may have been the greatest single utterance by an American President.“No other talk ever called forth such a wave of spontaneous enthusiasm and cooperation.” With 60 million people listening, the effect was immediate.The next day, Monday, March 13,newspapers reported long lines of Americans anxious to redeposit their money.The New York Stock Exchange, closed for over a week, opened 15 percent higher, the largest one-day surge in more than half a century.Within a week, most of the recently closed banks reopened.高级政治顾问吉姆·法利认为，如果以影响力作为评价标准，那么这次演讲可被认为是美国总统所做的最伟大的一次演讲了。“没有哪一次谈话能够像它一样激起人们如此强烈的自发热情和合作。”6000万人同时倾听，产生的即时效果是可想而知的。第二天——3月13日——是个周一，报纸报道说美国人排起了长队，急切地要把钱重新存回银行。而关闭了一周多的纽约证券交易所也重新开市了，当天高开了 15%，创造了半个多世纪以来的单日最大涨幅。炉边谈话后的一个星期之内，大多数最近关闭的银行都重新开业了。Gerald Ford, about 20 at the time, remembered FDR's Fireside Chats as “big events—we would all stop and listen.” Ronald Reagan's biographer, Lou Cannon, has written that Reagan's

“metaphors were the offspring of FDR's.” And Bill Clinton recalled hearing his grandfather talk about how he sat in rapt attention, “then went to work the next day feeling a little different about the

country.”当时杰拉德·福特只有20岁左右，他回忆说罗斯福总统的炉边谈话是“重要的事情——我们都会停下手头的事情倾听”。罗纳德·里根的传记作家卢·坎农写道，里根的“比喻说话方式得到了罗斯福总统的‘遗传’”。比尔·克林顿也回忆说，他的祖父谈到自己当时听罗斯福的演讲时，会全神贯注，“第二天上班的时候，感觉到这个国家已经发生了变化。After the first Fireside Chat, FDR relaxed in his office.At 11:30 p.m.he said, “I think it's time for beer.” Preparations for a bill to speed the end of Prohibition began that night.第一次炉边谈话之后，罗斯福在办公室里稍稍放松了一下。晚上11点半的时候，他说：“该喝点啤酒了。”就在那一天晚上，他开始了加速取消禁酒令的准备工作。