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Unit 5 language 1Part 1 Listening I Every culture has its own way of saying things, its own special expreions.These are the living speech of a people.The“ soap” expreions in English are just one example.Soap operas are radio and television plays about the problems and emotions in human relationships.They are called soap operas because the first programs-years ago-were paid for by soap-making companies.Like musical operas, soap operas are not about real people.And critics charge that they do not represent a balanced picture of real life.They note that almost everyone in a soap opera has a serious emotional problem, or is guilty of a crime.And there are several crises in every program.Yet, soap opera fans do not care about what the critics say.They love the programs and watch them every day.Such loyalty has made soap operas very popular in the United States.In fact, A few programs are so popular that they have been produced with the same actors for many years.Another expreion that uses the word soap is “soap box”.There was a time when soap and other products were shipped in wooden boxes.The boxes were small, but strong.You could stand on one to see over the heads in a crowd or to be seen in a crowd.Soap boxes were a simple, easy way to make yourself taller if you wanted to give a public speech.Such soapbox speeches usually were political and one-sided.The speakers shouted their ideas to anyone who walked by.Many talked for hours refusing to get off their soap boxes.Today, you don’t need a wooden box to make a soapbox speech.Anyone, anywhere, who talks endlely about a cause is said to be on a soap box,.Another, quieter way to win support or gain influence is to “soft-soap” a person.This means to use praise or other kind words to get the person to do what you want.Exercise 1 1.plays，real people，real life，emotional problem，popular 2.public speech,make
themselves taller, political, one-sided 3.soft-soap,praise, kind
Exercise 2 F F T T T T
Listening II A: Do you think learners should try to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation? B: That's a difficult question to answer.I think the most important thing is to be understood easily.For most learners, it's not neceary or desirable to speak like a native speaker.For some learners, for example, those who eventually want to teach English, or be interpreters perhaps, a native-speaker pronunciation is the ultimate goal.At least, that's what I think.A: Children often do not want to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation.Why not?
B: In general, children are splendid mimics and imitate strange sounds very easily and well.However, it is true that most children do not want to sound “English” when they are speaking English.This may be partly due to shyne but I think the main reason is that most children want to belong to a group—they dre alike, listen to the same music, share the same opinions and hobbies.Even if a child can speak English like a native speaker, he or she will usually choose not to—unle, of course, the rest of the group speaks with a native-speaker pronunciation too.A: What is the main reason why adults find pronunciation difficult? B: Numerous reasons have been offered for the difficulties which many adults find with pronunciation and, no doubt, there is some truth in all of these.It seems to be the case that children are better mimics than adults.But if an adult really wants to achieve a native-speaker pronunciation, then he or she can.It is NOT the student's own language that prevents him or her from achieving a native-speaker pronunciation in English.It is the fact that the adult student has a strong sense of national identity.In other words, he or she wants to be identified as a German or Brazilian speaking English.In my opinion, this sense of national identity is more important than other explanations, such as the greater anxiety of adults or the effect of their own language habits.Exercise 1 1 C 2 A 3D
Exercise 2 1.be understood easily 2.neceary, desirable 3.splendid 4.prevent, from achieving 5.anxiety, effect
Listening III(Dr.Mallard is an expert on bilingual education.She has a show on radio through which she answers questions from parents about how to raise their children to be bilingual.)Dr.Mallard: Hello, sir.You are on air.John: Oh, hello.Dr.Mallard? Dr.Mallard: Yes, How may I help you? John: Dr.Mallard, my name is John.My wife Maria and I just had our first baby girl.Dr.Mallard: Congratulations, John.You must be very excited.John: Yes, we are indeed.Here is why I called.Maria is from Peru, and speaks fluent Spanish and fairly good English, depending on the situation.I am a native English speaker and I also speak almost fluent Spanish.We live in the U.S and communicate in Spanish at home 95% of the time.Dr.Mallard: I see.Please go on.John: My question is this: how should we communicate in order to ensure the bilingual succeof our child? Dr.Mallard: OK.From what you told me I gue you and your wife have already started using
mostly Spanish with your newborn girl.Is that correct? John: Yes.I think using Spanish with her just feels kind of natural to both of us.Dr.Mallard: That is fine, because language uses within a family should be natural: we use the languages to build a family relationship, not to “teach” the languages.John: But is it reasonable to aume that our baby will be exposed to enough English in the world outside our house and therefore it will be OK for us to speak to her almost solely in Spanish? Dr.Mallard: Well, in my opinion, yes.And I also believe that your baby will have a lot of exposure to English at home as well.She will listen to not only music and talk on the TV, but also relative and friends who are visiting or telephoning.Besides, she may also have English input from you yourself: for example, you may want to sing to her the English-language nursery rhymes that you remember from your own childhood.John: Ok.That really eases my mind.Thank you so much, Dr.Mallard.Dr.Mallard: You are welcome.Exercise 1 T F F F T T
Exercise 2 1.fairly good 2.ensure, succe 3.natural, family relationship 4.exposure 5.visiting or telephoning
Listening IV Talk show host: Welcome to tonight's program.Our guest is Dr.Charles Adams, language learning specialist.His book, Learning a Language over Eggs and Toast is on the best seller list.Welcome.Dr.Adams: Thank you.Talk show host: Tell us about the title of your book.Dr.Adams: First, it is important to establish a regular study program, like planning a few minutes every morning around breakfast time.Talk show host : But, I took Spanish for four years and I didn't become a proficient speaker of it.Dr.Adams: Well , we can become fluent speakers in a matter of a few minutes here and there.We should follow a regular course of study and remember that there is a difference between native fluency and proficiency in a language.I propose the latter.Talk show host: What are the basic keys you suggest ? Dr.Adams: People must organize their study by setting realistic and attainable goals Some people think they can learn the language in 30 days and become discouraged when they can’t..Small steps are the key.Learning five new words a day and learning to use them actively is far better than learning 30 and forgetting them the next day.Talk show host: Um-hum.You mentioned individual learning styles.Can you explain what you
mean by learning style? Dr.Adams: Sure.People have different ways of learning.Some are visual learners who prefer to see models of the patterns they are expected to learn.Other are auditory learners who favor hearing instructions over reading them..Our preferences are determined by factors such as personality ,culture, and past experiences.Talk Show Host: What is your learning style? Dr.Adams: I learn by doing.Talk show host: What do you mean by that? Dr.Adams:I know it might sound unusual, but moving around while trying to learn helps me.While I cut up tomatoes and onions for my breakfast in the morning ,I might recite aloud vocabulary to the rhythm of the knife.Talk show host : What is my learning style? Dr.Adams : You're going to have to read my book to find that out.Talk show host : Okay Thank for joining us.Dr.Adams: My pleasure.Exercise 1 1 C 2 C 3 A 4 B
Exercise 2 1.Eggs, Toast 2.realistic, far better than , forgetting 3.determined, personality, culture 4.recite aloud
Part 2 Video Script Alice: So,each of us has chosen some animals that we believe use language.Peter,what did you learn about whales and dolphins? Peter:It was thought that only humans coummunicate over long distances.Alice:How? Peter:They use high frequencies which can carry over along diatances.And,in fact,researchers seem to think that these animals seem to have a need to communicate with each other.And one researcher thinks that one day we’ll be to know what they’re talking about.Alice:Good!.Henry,what did you find about...erm..elephants? Henry:I found that elephants can commmunicate over long distances too., but they use very low frequencies.I don’t konw whether you could call their communication language or not ,but I’ll look into it more.Alice:Ok,Margaret,what about parrots? Margaret:We’ve all read about parrots,but I”ve been about a parrots called,who konws 971 words.He isn’t counted as konwing a new word unle he’s used it at least five times in a meaningful way.In other words, if he just repeats the word, it doesn’t count.Alice:Do you have any examples of Nkisi’s language use?
Margaret:Yes.It involves Jane Goodall, the famous anthropoloqist.She went to see Nkisi.Nkisi’s
owner had shown him some pictures of Jane and some chimpanzees.When Jane walked into the room, Nkisi said,”Got a chimp?”
Peter:That’funny.Alice:Anything else? Maegaret:Well,yes,when his owner broke the she was wearing, he said ,”What a pity!”You broke your nice new necklace.”
Alice:I would certainly say he was using language.Maegaret: I have another example of a bird-like animals-tamarins,using long calls to maintain contact with individuals.Scientists have found that they have an individual and a group identity.Individuals in one group all sound quite different than individuals in another group,something like accents we have.Henry:Really?That’s very surprising!
Maegaret:Yes,what’s more amazing is they have even a sex-specific identity besides individual identity, so they can distinguish between males,females,neighbors,and strangers just like humans.Henry:Great.Now,Alice,what can you report? Alice;First of all,do we all agree that Amerrican ign Language is a language? The others:Yes.Alice:Well，all the great apes, such as chimpanzees and gorillas, can learn American Sign Lanuage.Henry:That would take some real work on their part.Alice:Right.But what is amazing to me is that each kind of ape can teach the sign language to others of their own kind.Peter:I’ve found that wolves and dogs communicate through body gestures and facial expreions.For instance, aggreive wolves and dogs stand tall with their ears raised,and their head held high.They show their teeth, and raise their fur so that they look bigger.they may give a loud bark.And when they feel frightened or want to show obedience,they lower their bodies, flatten their ears,tuck in their tails,and close their mouths.they may roll over on their back and lie there,belly up.Margaret:I often see dogs raise their rear and lower their forequarters in a kind of of “bow”.What does that mean? Peter:That means they want to play.Henry:Well,did any of us find any information about bees’dancing?That’s a very good example of how insects commmunicate with each other.Alice:Yeah,I’ve got some.there are two typical dances of the bees :the round dance and the tailwagging dance.Henry:Can you explain then in detail? Alice:Well,the round dance is the simplest dance.Ah...the bee performs it when it finds food near the beehive.It doesn’t provide much information;it’s more of.an...awakening signal.So,if the bee findsthe food it will start going in a small circle.Every one or two circles it will suddenlyreveese direction.Itcan go on for secondsand even minutes.Henry:What happen next? Alice:Erm...other bees follow the dancer and then fly off by themselves looking for food.If they haven’t been feeding at that the place before,they willlook for food in every direction near
the beehive.Hower,the dancing bee also gives off smells that are recognized by other bees frequenting the same flowers.They will then fly directly to them.Peter;What about the tail-wagging dance? Alice;Well,inthe typical tail-wagging dance the bee files ahead for a short distance,then returns in a semicircle to the starting point,again goes through the straight stretch, makes a semicircle in the opposite direction and so on repeatedly.The straight part of the run is given particular emphasis by wagging the body forcefully.In addition,...er...during the tail-wagging portion of the dance the bee also gives out a buzzing sound...(She mimics the buzz of bees.)Peter:Then what’s the purpose of the tail-wagging dance? Alice:It tells the other bees, very accurately, at what distance and in which direction the food is, so that they can look for in themselves.Margaret:Ok.I think we have a lot of good information here.Let’s look for a little more, then meet again.Ok? The others:OK.(861 words)Exercise 1 1B
2A 3C 4E 5D 6F
Exercise 2 1)over long distances 2)look into it 3)five times
4)individual, group 5)sex-specific, males, females, strangers 6)great apes
7)teach, own kind
8)raised, held, look bigger 9)round ,tail-wagging 10)feeding, every direction
Part 3 Video
Script Father Gerald: in the name of the Father and of the Son and the Holy Spirit.Amen.Let us pray.Father, you have made the bond of marriage a holy mystery.A symbol of Christ’s love for his church.hear our prayers for Bernard and Lydis through your son, Jesus Christ, our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy goat.Ghost.One god, forever and ever.Amen.Charles’ friend : It’s his first time.He’s friend of the family.Charles: Excellent.Father Gerald: Bernard and Lydia, I shall now ask if you freely undertake the obligations of marriage.Bernard, repeat after me: I do solemnly declare… Bernard: I do solemnly declare…
Father Gerald：…that I know not of any lawful impediment…
Bernard: …that I know not of any lawful impediment… Father Gerald:…why I, Lydia… Bernard:…why I, Bernard…
Father Gerald: sorry.Why I…Bernard Godfery Saint John Delaney… Bernard: Why I, Bernard Geoffery Sinjin Delaney…
Father Gerald:…may not be joined in matrimony to Lydia John Hibbott.Bernard:…may not be joined in matrimony to Lydia Jane Hibbott.Father Gerald: Lydia, repeat after me: I do solemnly declare… Lydia: I do solemnly declare…
Father Gerald:…that I know not of any lawful impediment… Lydia:…that I know not of any lawful impediment… Father Gerald:…why I, Lydia Jane Hibbott..Lydia:…why I, Lydia Jane Hibbott..Father Gerald:…may not be joined in matrimony… Lydia: …may not be joined in matrimony…
Father Gerald:…to Bernard Geoffery……Sijern…Sijin Delaney.Lydia:…to Bernard…Geoffery…Sijin…Delaney.Father Gerald：I call upon those persons here present to witne… Bernard: I call upon those persons here present to witne… Father Gerald:…that I, Bernard…Delaney… Bernard：…that I, Bernar Delaney…
Father Gerald:…do take thee, Lydia Jane Hibbott… Bernard: …do take thee, Lydia Jane Hibbott…
Father Gerald: …do take thee, Lydia Jane Hibbott… Bernard: …do take thee, Lydia Jane Hibbott…
Father Gerald: That’s r… That’s right.May almighty God ble you all.The Father, the Son and the Holy spigot…Spirit.Amen.An audience: Bravo！
Exercise 1 1 goat → ghostLydia → BernardGogfery Saint John → Geoffery SinjinJohn → Janejohned → joinedSiji…Siji Delaney →Sinjin Delaneyawful → lawfulspigot → spirit
Part 4 Further listening Listening I
Language is the most important development in human history.The arts,science,laws,economic systems and religions of the world could not exist without language.Humans haven't changed biologically very much for some 40,000 years.however,our ability to communicate has led us form the cave all the way to the moon.Little is known about the birth of language.Written records that are more than 4,000 years old
have been found,but scientist study human beings agree that humans were probably speaking thousands of years before that.Today,most of us learn to talk by the age of three,and for the rest of our lives we rarely stop.Even while we are reading or just thinking,we are in a sense “talking”,if only to ourselves.Language is so much a part of human existence that we will be talking as long as we inhabit the earth.As linguist David Thompson notes,“when language dies,so will man.”
Exercise 1)economic 2)religions 3)exist 4)biologically 5)40,000 6)cave 7)Written 8)humans were probably speaking thousands of years before that 9)Even while we are reading or just thinking,we are in a sense “talking” 10)Language is so much a part of human existence that we will be talking as long as we inhabit the earth
Listening II Receptionist(R):English language center.May I help you? Caller(C):Yes.I'm calling to find out more information about your English language program.R:Well,first of all,the purpose of our program is to provide language-learning opportunities for our part of the U.S.[Uh-hum]For example,some students need to learn the basic functional language skills for their job.Others need intensive English so that they can enter a US university.C:Okay.I'm calling for a friend interested in attending a US university.R:We have a variety of courses that could help her,form basic communication courses to content-based claes such as computer literacy,intercultural communication,and busine English.C:Great.What are your application deadlines for the next semester? R:Well,we ask applicants to apply at least two months before the semester begins.This give us time to proce the application and iue the student's 1-20.C:What is an 1-20? R:Oh,an 1-20 is a form giving our permiion for a student to study in our program.The student will have to take this form to the US embay in their home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.C:I see.What's the tuition for a full-time student in your courses? R:It's five thousand thirty dollars.C:How does one apply? R:Well,we can mail an application form which can be mailed back to us,or a person can fill out our application form that's on our website.C:And are there other materials my friend would need to send besides the application form? R:Yes.She would need to send in a $35 non-refundable application fee,a sponsorship form indicating who will be responsible financially for her while studying in our program,and a bank statement showing that she or her sponsor has sufficient funds to cover tuition expenses and living costs for study.C:And how can she send these materials to you? R:She can either send the application packet by regular mail or she can fax it.C:And the application fee? R:We accept money orders,traveler's checks,or credit cards.C:All right,I think that's about it.Thank you for your help.R:You're welcome.C:Goodbye.Exercise 1.1)D 2)A 3)B 4)B 5)A 2.1.permiion, apply for 2.application form ,Website 3.regular mail, fax 4.traveler's checks, credit cards
Listening III
The ability to speak or write two languages well is called bilingualism.bilingual education is generally a matter of public policy.In a country like the United States that has what may be considered a national language-English-bilingual education means teaching English to those who were brought up using other native languages.On the other hand,there are nations such as Belgium,Canada,and Switzerland that have two or more national languages.This does not mean that all citizens of these countries speak two or more languages,but they are entitled to government services,including education,in the language of their choice.Some South American countries,like Peru and Ecuador,have large populations of Indias who speak various tribal tongues.There are government programs to teach the Indians Spanish,the national language in most of Latin America.Bilingual education in the United States dates back to the first half of the 19th century,when millions of immigrants who arrived needed to learn English in order to make economic and social adjustments to the way the majority of the population lived.In countries like Norway,Sweden,Denmark,Finland,and Holland,whose languages are spoken by relatively few foreigners,bilingual education has long been a part of the school curriculum.Educated persons in these countries normally learn a second language such as English,German,or French for use in international communication.Exercise 1.BCE 2.1)other native languages 2)two 3)more 4)of their choice 5)Spanish 6)Indians 7)English 8)German 9)French
Listening IV
Identification of the factors that lead to fast,effective foreign language learning has become increasingly important because of the large number of people who are anxious,as adults,to learn a new language for a very specific purpose:travel,busine,study,or international friendship.The requirements for effective language learning may be examined in terms of the learner,the teacher,and the curriculum.The learner must be personally committed to investing the time,applying the concentrated effort,and taking the emotional risks neceary to learn a new language.In addition to motivation,the learner should have at least minimal language-learning aptitude.While it is likely that nearly everyone can learn a new language if he or she is given enough time and effort,the ease with which you are able to acquire the language is related in part to specific language-learning aptitude.Other psychological factors that are important in picking up a new language include a sense of curiosity and a sensitivity to other people.Expectations also play an important role in determining the ease and speed with which you will learn your second language.Another factor is the learner's goals.If you are a serious adult language learner you need to write and clarify your goal in each specific area:understanding,speaking,reading,and writing.Clearly,the learner and teacher are far more important than techniques,texts,and program design.The most crucial factor involved in determining a language teacher's effectivene,however,is probably his or her attitude toward the students,toward the language and toward the program.On the other hand,the language used in the claroom should be up-to-date and authentic.You need to learn not only words and structures but how to use them in a way acceptable to people from a different background.A good language curriculum will include practice in the nonverbal aspects of communication as well as discuion of cultural differences and similarities.Exercise 1.1.learner, teacher, curriculum 2.curiosity, expectations, goals 2.TFTFT
