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句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
一: S V(主+谓)二: S V P(主+系+表)三: S V O(主+谓+宾)
四: S V o O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五: S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型 一:S V(主+谓)
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点:即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S │ V(不及物动词)
1.The sun │was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The moon │rose.月亮升起了。3.The universe │remains.宇宙长存。
4.We all │breathe, eat, and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.Who │cares? 管它呢?
6.What he said │does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7.They │talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。8.The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二: S V P(主+系+表)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻
S │V(是系动词)│ P 1.This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner │smells │good.午餐的气味很好。3.He │fell │in love.他堕入了情网。
4.Everything │looks │different.一切看来都不同了。5.He │is growing │tall and strong.他长得又高又壮
6.The trouble│is │that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well │has gone │dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face │turned │red.他的脸红了。
There be 结构: There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’ 基本句型 三: S V O(主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等
S │V(及物动词)│ O
1.Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案? 2.She │smiled │her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He │has refused │to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.He │enjoys │reading.他喜欢看书。
5.They │ate │what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He │said │“Good morning.” 他说:“早上好!” 7.I │want │to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。
8.He │admits │that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四: S V o O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pa递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如:Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如:Bring it to me,please.S │V(及物)│ o(多指人)│ O(多指物)
1.She │ordered │herself │a new dre.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He │brought │you │a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He │denies │her │nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I │showed │him │my pictures.我给他看我的照片 6.I │gave │my car │a wash.我洗了我的汽车。
7.I │told │him │that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。8.He │showed │me │how to run the machine.他教我开机器。基本句型 五: S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running acro the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.S │V(及物)│ O(宾语)│ C(宾补)
1.They │appointed │him │manager.他们任命他当经理。2.They │painted │the door │green.他们把门漆成绿色 3.This │set │them │thinking.这使得他们要细想一想。
4.They │found │the house │deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。5.What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想? 6.We │saw │him │out.我们送他出去
7.He │asked │me │to come back soon.他要我早点回来。
8.I │saw │them │getting on the bus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the claroom.② There is an old man coming here.③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二)选出句中谓语 ① I don't like the picture on the wall.A.don't B.like C.picture D.wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting
C.the library D.afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didn't C.do D.his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.doctor ⑨ He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A.give B.did C.whom D.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.② People all over the world speak English.③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.④ How many new words did you learn last cla? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.⑦ They made him monitor of the cla.⑧ Go acro the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.⑩ They didn't know who “Father Christmas” really is.(四)挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.⑤ She was the first to learn about it.