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Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty(French: Statue de la Liberté), officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World(French: La Liberté Éclairant le Monde), dedicated on October 28, 1886, is a monument commemorating the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, given to the United States by the people of France to represent the friendship between the two countries established during the American Revolution[6].It represents a woman wearing a stola, a radiant crown and sandals, trampling a broken chain, carrying a torch in her raised right hand and a tabula ansata tablet, where the date of the Declaration of Independence JULY IV MDCCLXXVI[7] is inscribed, in her left arm.Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans traveling by ship.[8] Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
sculpted the statue [9] and obtained a U.S.patent for its structure.[10] Maurice Koechlin—chief engineer of Gustave Eiffel's engineering company and designer of the Eiffel Tower—engineered the internal structure.The pedestal was designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt.Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was
responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoué technique, where a malleable metal is hammered on the reverse side.[11]
The statue is made of a sheathing of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel(originally puddled iron)with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf(originally made of copper and later altered to hold gla panes).It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star.The statue is 151 ft(46 m)tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 ft(93 m)tall.Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.[12] and was, from 1886 until the Jet Age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe.The statue is the central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service.The National Monument also includes Ellis Island.HistoryDiscuions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René de Laboulaye.French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi was commiioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion.The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time.The French Third Republic was still considered as a temporary arrangement by many, who wished a return to monarchism, or
to some form of constitutional authoritarianism such as they had known under Napoleon.The idea of giving a coloal representation of republican virtues to a sister republic acro the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.The first small terracotta model was created in 1870.It is now exhibited at the Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon.[13] The first bronze model, on a small scale, was built in the same year [citation needed].This first statue is now in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris [citation needed].While on a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to coloal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of the Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Leeps, who later became a lifelong friend of his.He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to the canal and drew plans for it.It would be patterned after the Roman godde Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies.Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khedive, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never
commiioned because of financial iues that the Ottoman Empire was going through.[14]
It was agreed that in a joint effort, the people of the United States were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the statue and its aembly in the States.In France, public donations, various forms of
entertainment including notably performances of La liberté éclairant le monde(Liberty enlightening the world)by soon-to-be famous composer Charles
Gounod at Paris Opera, and a charitable lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs($250,000).In the United States, benefit
theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights aisted in providing needed funds.Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the aistance of an engineer to addre structural iues aociated with designing such a coloal copper sculpture.Gustave Eiffel(designer of the Eiffel Tower)was commiioned to design the maive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright.Eiffel
delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin.Bartholdi had initially planned to have the statue completed and presented to the United States on July 4, 1876, but a late start and subsequent delays prevented it.However, by that time the right arm and torch were completed.This part of the statue was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where visitors were charged 50 cents to climb the ladder to the balcony.The money raised this way was used to start funding the pedestal.On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro Palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.Back in the United States, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by an Act of Congre, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island(named after Isaac Bedloe), where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification named Fort Wood.United States Minister to France Levi P.Morton hammered the first nail in the construction of the statue.On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent, U.S.Patent D11,023, on “a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, eentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth.” The patent described the head as having “claical, yet severe and calm, features,” noted that the body is “thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium,” and covered representations in “any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or ba-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-Paris, or other plastic composition.”[15] The financing for the statue was completed in France in July 1882.Fund-raising for the pedestal, led by William M.Evarts, proceeded slowly, so publisher Joseph Pulitzer(who established the Pulitzer Prize)opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort in 1883.Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle cla who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds.[16] His campaign was an important contribution to the effort, but ultimately Senator Evarts and the American Committee he headed raised the majority of funds for the pedestal.The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884.The cornerstone of the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris Hunt, was laid on August 5, 1884, but the construction had to be stopped by lack of funds in January 1885.It was resumed on May 11, 1885 after a renewed fund campaign by Joseph Pulitzer in March 1885.Thirty-eight of the forty-six courses of masonry were yet to be built.The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isère.To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates.(The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.)
Joseph Henderson(pilot)was exprely selected to escort the French Steamer
into the New York Harbor to Bedloe's Island.This event and Pilot Henderson's appearance was printed in the New York Times: “Old Pilot Henderson, who jumped from the skylight down on the quarter deck of the Isère.”[17]
Financing for the pedestal was completed on August 11, 1885 and construction was finished on April 22, 1886.When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins.Built into the pedestal's maive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself.Thus, Liberty is integral with her pedestal.Used as a lighthouse, the original torch fatally disoriented birds
Currier & Ives chromolithograph of the statue published one year before it was erected depicts the statue's original copper-bronze hue, but situates it facing southward instead of eastward;Manhattan and with the Brooklyn Bridge in the background
The statue, which was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, was then reaembled in four months.On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland in front of
thousands of spectators.(Cleveland, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to building of the pedestal.)[18]
The Statue of Liberty functioned as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902.[19] At that time the U.S.Lighthouse Board was responsible for its operation.There was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles(39 km)at sea.As a lighthouse, it is the first in the United States to use electricity;[20] there was also an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.[19]
Wilbur Wright was the first person to fly an airplane around the statue, at waist level, a feat he performed on September 29, 1909 during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration.In 1913 a group of young pilots were graduated from the Moisant School of Aviation based on Long Island.One of the graduates, the Mexican pilot Juan Pablo Aldasoro was selected to perform the first flight above the statue.All of the graduates later on became members of the Early Birds of Aviation.In 1916, floodlights were placed around the base of the statue.[21] Also in 1916, the Black Tom explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage($1.98 million in 2008 dollars[22])to the statue, embedding fragmentation and eventually leading
to the closing of the torch to visitors.The same year, Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting gla panes and installing an internal
light.[23] After these modifications, the torch severely leaked from rainwater and snow melts, accelerating corrosion inside the statue.President Franklin D.Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its Fiftieth anniversary(October 28, 1936).In 1956, through an Act of Congre, Bedloe's Island was renamed Liberty Island officially, although Liberty Island had been used informally since the turn of the century.As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.[24]
In 1972, President Richard M.Nixon dedicated the American Museum of
Immigration, housed in structural additions to the base of the pedestal on top of what was Fort Wood.[25]
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the list of World Heritage Sites.[26] In 2007, the Statue of Liberty was one of 20 finalists in a competition to name the New Seven Wonders of the World.Inspiration for the face
自由女神像底座的十四行诗拉扎露丝(Emma Lazarus)的十四行诗《新巨人》The New Colous Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land；
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch whose flame
Is imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles.From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome； her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities.“Keep ancient lands your storied pomp!” cries she with silent lips.“Give me your tired your poor,Your huddled maes yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homele, tempest-toed to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”
