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Translation techniques
To communicate with the people who speak and can only speak another language, translation is very important.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature;there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh(ca.2000 BCE)into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE.The ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and understanding as to the receptor language.Another approach of translation was the literal translation or what we call word for word translation literal translation focuses on form of language and it sometimes mies some of the meaning of those forms.Internet mechanism translation also is not perfect or suits the meanings provided within each context.So it is not depended upon in any meaningful translation.Office Translation in Yemen requires a re-establishment on sound basis as followed in other countries.A good translation must have certain qualities, proficiencies experiences and wide knowledge in almost every branch of knowledge.Office permits for opening offices should depend on certain measurement so as to produce some good translation.Then we will talk about 10 translation techniques in common use.1 Conversion
Generally speaking, conversion can be understood in a rather narrow sense as a mean of word-formation or in a broad sense as a pragmatic and rhetoric phenomenon and even a cognitive phenomenon.In translation, it is neceary to convert some English nouns into Chinese verbs because they usually indicate sorts of action, are derivatives of English verbs, or can be used both as nouns and verbs.Pay attention to the following sentences:
Eg1: The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli
withdraw from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist.一九六七年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权的基础上来解决中东冲突。
Eg2: I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我弟弟比我教得好。
Eg3: They took a final look at the tower, still intact in the darkne.他们最后看了那座塔一眼－它依然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
In the above three sentences, Chinese verbs, not nouns are used to translate English nouns.That is, we may convert these English nouns into Chinese verbs.Amplification
Amplification means supplying neceary words in translation, making the version grammatically correct, logically acceptable, and culturally appropriate.Words thus supplied must be indispensable syntactically, semantically, stylistically, and contextually.Eg1: She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。
译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。
Eg2: Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!
译文一：啊，汤姆.康帝，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文二：汤姆.康帝原来生在可怜巴巴的人家，穿得破破烂烂，一身邋里邋遢，现在换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！
From the examples, we can see the amplification can make the meaning more clear, and didn’t change the original meaning.Omiion
Contrast with amplification, there is an omiion.According to the principle “faithfulne”, we know a translator has no right to subtract any meaning from the original work.But it doesn’t mean that translators should refrain from omitting any words at all in translation.There are three purposes of omiion in E-C translation: avoiding unneceary repetition, achieving the effect of succinctne and beautifying the version rhetorically.Eg1: One must make painstaking efforts before one can succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一门外语非下苦工不可。
Eg2: Order is order, we can’t complain, we can’t bargain, we can’t question and we can’t suggest changes.命令就是命令，不得抱怨，不得讨价还价，不得质疑，不得建议修改。
Omiion can let the long sentence be more compact, cut down the same parts of the sentence, but still keep the original meaning.Repetition
Repetition is, to some extent, a special case of amplification.Repetition as a stylistic device for emphasis and conveying the same force contained in the original.Generally what is repeated in Chinese may in many cases be substituted, varied or omitted in English.Eg1: He became an oil baron-all by himself.他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王。
Eg2: He broke all connections with his past, and with the old society in every way.他和他的过去断绝了一切联系，和旧社会的各个方面也断绝了一切联系。
Eg3: We shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way.只要我们学习努力，而且学习得法，我们就能克服学习中的困难。
Eg4: Some have entered the college and others have gone to the countryside.上大学的上大学了，下乡的下乡了。
These examples show the repetitions’ effect of emphasize.Affirmation
Affirmation and negation are two techniques can transfer to each other.Some negative words, phrases or sentences in English can be translated into affirmation ones in Chinese.Eg1: I am never at a lo for a word;Pitt is never at a lo for the word.我总可以滔滔不绝，而皮特却总能字字珠玑。
Eg2: Isn’t it funny!
真逗！
This kind of technique can show the exact meaning directly!negation
Also, in the other side of affirmation, some affirmative words, phrases or sentences in English can be translated into negative ones in Chinese.Eg1: That’s a thing that might happen to any man.这种事情谁也难免。
Eg2: This book is a fool to that both in plot and execution.这本书不论在情节上还是在写作技巧方面，都不及那一本。
Eg3: His speech leaves much to be desired.他的讲话很不如人意。division
Division is the method used to reproduce the original sentence with two or more sentences in the target language, i.e.to translate an original word, phrase or clause into a clause or even sometimes an independent sentence.Eg1: out of sheer joy she wave.她由于非常高兴，挥了挥手。
Eg2: Strange enough they were the same age to the day.真是奇怪，他们年龄一样大，而且还是同日生的。
Eg3: The child gave a cry and with outstretched arms ran forward.那孩子叫了一声，伸开双臂，跑了过去。Combination
Combination means combining words, phrases or clauses, i.e.reproducing two or more than two words, phrases or clauses with fewer words, phrases or clauses.Eg1: The young man was very miserable.He had no money about him.All his savings had been stolen.这个年轻人真惨，已落到身无分文的地步，因为他的全部积蓄都被偷了。
Eg2: When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
Eg3: If we do a thing, we should do it well.我们要干就干好。Substitution
It is to replace the words of the original expreion with synonyms or idioms in the target language according to different situations.This kind of translation technique is very flexible.Eg: It never rains but it pours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。Explanation
This technique is commonly used when there is no corresponding expreion in the target language and all the above-mentioned techniques fail to make sense.Eg: 曾经觉得，像司马迁受宫刑之辱，不应苟且于世，更谈不上无韵之离骚，史家之绝唱了。Ever feel like Sima Qian Gong Xing's humiliation by not struggling known to the world, let alone non-rhyme of the Li Sao, a historian of the peak of poetic perfection.This example masterly uses the explanation to explain the ancient style prose very clearly.So explanation is always used to explain those sentences that hard to understand.So we can see there are a lot of translation techniques, if we want to be a good translator, we have to know well all of them and can use them neatly and expertly.It must be a long way so should pay more attention to that.
