膀胱癌由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“膀胱癌患者”。
膀胱癌-Bladder Cancer
膀胱癌-Bladder癌症
来源：医学全在线 更新：2008-9-1 医学英语论坛
来源:医学全在线更新:2008-9-1医学英语论坛
What is the bladder?
膀胱是什么?
The bladder is part of the urinary tract.It is at the bottom of the abdomen.It fills with urine and we pa urine out from time to time through a tube called the urethra.The urethra paes through the prostate gland and penis in men.The urethra is shorter in women and opens just above the vagina.把膀胱泌尿系统的一部分。这是底部的腹部。它充满了尿排尿和我们从一次又一次的被称为尿道通过一根管子。尿道经过前列腺,男性的阴茎。女性尿道较短,打开仅略高于阴道。
Urine is made in the kidneys and contains water and waste materials.A tube called a ureter comes from each kidney and drains the urine down to the bladder.尿中肾脏和含有水分和废料。管称为输尿管来自每个肾脏和排泄尿液下来膀胱。
The cells that line the inside of the bladder are called transitional cells or urothelial cells.There is a thin layer of cells beneath the lining called the lamina propria.The outer part of the bladder wall contains a thick layer of muscle tiue which contracts from time to time to push out the urine.上的细胞内的膀胱移行细胞被称为过渡细胞或细胞。有一层薄的细胞在衬砌称为固有层。的外部含有膀胱壁厚层的肌肉组织,合同,排出尿。
What is cancer?
什么是癌症吗?
Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body.The body is made up from millions of tiny cells.There are many different types of cell in the body, and there are many different types of cancer which arise from different types of cell.What all types of cancer have in common is that the cancer cells are abnormal and multiply 'out of control'.癌症是一种疾病的细胞在体内。身体是由有成千上万的微小的细胞。有很多不同种类的细胞在身体里面,有很多不同种类的癌症而产生不同类型的细胞。所有类型的癌症的共同点就是癌细胞异常增多“控制”。
A malignant tumour is a 'lump' or 'growth' of tiue made up from cancer cells which continue to multiply.Malignant tumours invade into nearby tiues and organs which can cause damage.一个恶性肿瘤是一“块状”或“增长的组织由癌症细胞继续繁衍。恶性肿瘤侵入附近组织和器官,可能会导致阀门的损坏。
Malignant tumours may also spread to other parts of the body.This happens if some cells break off from the first(primary)tumour and are carried in the bloodstream or lymph channels to other parts of the body.These small groups of cells may then multiply to form 'secondary' tumours(metastases)in one or more parts of the body.These secondary tumours may then grow, invade and damage nearby tiues, and spread again.恶性肿瘤也可能扩散到身体的其他部分。这一切发生的时候如果有些细胞折断从第一(初级)的肿瘤,在血液中淋巴进行渠道或身体的其他部分。这些小群体的细胞可能繁殖起来,形成的次生的肿瘤(转移)在一个或多个部分的身体。这些次要的肿瘤可能会成长,侵犯和损害邻近组织,再次蔓延。
Some cancers are more serious than others, some are more easily treated than others(particularly if diagnosed at an early stage), some have a better outlook(prognosis)than others.一些癌症比其他人更为严重,有些是比别人更容易治疗(特别是在早期诊断),一些有更好的前景(预后)比别人更多的代价。
So, cancer is not just one condition.In each case it is important to know exactly what type of cancer has developed, how large it has become, and whether it has spread.This will enable you to get reliable information on treatment options and outlook.所以,癌症不仅仅是一个条件。在每种情况下重要的是知道什么类型的癌症的发展,它已成为多大,是否已蔓延。这将使你得到可靠的信息处理的选择和前景。
See separate leaflet called 'What are Cancer and Tumours' for further details about cancer in general.看到分开的传单叫“癌症和肿瘤的进一步的详情癌症一般。
What is bladder cancer?
膀胱癌是什么? Bladder cancer is a common cancer in the UK.It is about three times as common in men than women.In most cases in the UK, the bladder cancer develops from the transitional cells which line the bladder.This type of cancer is called 'transitional cell bladder cancer'.(Other types of bladder cancer are rare in the UK and are not dealt with further in this leaflet.)
膀胱肿瘤是一种常见的癌症在英国。这是约三倍于普通男性高于女性。在大多数情况下,在英国,膀胱癌的发展从哪条线过渡细胞膀胱。这类型的癌症就称为“膀胱移行细胞癌”。(其他类型的膀胱癌中是很少见的英国和不办理进一步在这个传单。)
Transitional cell bladder cancer is divided into two groups:
膀胱移行细胞癌是分为两组:
• Superficial tumours.These occur in about 4 in 5 cases.These tumours are confined to the inner lining, or just below the lining, of the bladder.Sometimes the cells which form this type of cancer multiply to form little 'warts' which stick out from the lining of the bladder.•肤浅的肿瘤。这些发生在大约4 5例。这些肿瘤是局限于内层,或者低于衬、膀胱。有时细胞繁殖形成了这种类型的癌症,形成小的疣的坚持从内层的膀胱。
• Muscle invasive tumours.These occur in about 1 in 5 cases.These tumours have spread to the muscle layer of the bladder, or right through the wall of the bladder.侵袭性的肿瘤。•肌肉这些发生在大约1个5例。这些肿瘤转移的膀胱肌肉层或权利通过墙上的膀胱。
The treatment and outlook for each of these two types are very different.Superficial tumours rarely spread and can usually be cured.However, if left untreated in some cases they can develop into muscle invasive tumours.Muscle invasive tumours have a high chance of spreading to other parts of the body(metastasise), and treatment has le chance of being curative.治疗和展望了每一个这样的两种类型是非常不同的。肤浅的肿瘤扩散,而且通常可以很少被治愈。然而,如果未接受治疗在某些情况下他们能发展成肌肉侵袭性肿瘤。侵袭性肿瘤的肌肉有机会获得很高的扩散到身体的其他部位(metastasise),治疗已不太容易被治愈。
What causes bladder cancer?
膀胱癌是什么引起的?
A cancerous tumour starts from one abnormal cell.The exact reason why a cell becomes cancerous is unclear.It is thought that something damages or alters certain genes in the cell.This makes the cell abnormal and multiply 'out of control'.(See separate leaflet called 'What Causes Cancer' for more details.)一个癌肿瘤开始从一个不正常细胞。一个细胞的确切原因成了癌细胞是不清楚的。人们认为一些损害或改变特定的基因在细胞。这使得细胞异常增多“控制”。(见分开的传单被称为“是什么导致癌症的更多信息。)
Many people develop bladder cancer for no apparent reason.However, certain risk factors increase the chance that bladder cancer may develop.These include:
许多人发展为膀胱癌而无明显的理由。然而,某些风险因素增加膀胱癌的几率可能发展。这些包括:
• Smoking.Bladder cancer is four times more common in smokers than non-smokers.Some of the chemicals from tobacco get into the body and are paed out in urine.These chemicals in the urine may be carcinogenic(damaging)to the bladder cells.It is estimated that about one third of bladder cancers are related to smoking.•吸烟。膀胱癌是那座旧楼的四倍于吸烟者比非吸烟者更常见。一些化学物质进入身体,烟草是通过在尿液。这些化学物质在尿液可能致癌(破坏)膀胱细胞。据估计,约三分之一的癌症都与吸烟有关膀胱。
• Other chemicals.Certain work-place and environmental chemicals have been linked to bladder cancer.Many of these chemicals are now banned in the UK.However, bladder cancer may develop as late as 10-25 years after exposure to certain chemicals.So, some cases are still being diagnosed in people who worked with these chemicals years ago.•其他化学领域。某些工作场所和环境化学物质与膀胱癌。许多这些化学药品是禁止在英国。然而,膀胱癌有可能发展到1025年在暴露于某些化学物质。所以,某些情况下还被诊断出在人们曾与这些化学物质年前。
•血吸虫病。这是一个膀胱感染传播的一种寄生虫引起,在特定的热带的国家。
•重复一阵阵的其他类型的膀胱炎也可以稍微增加这种风险。的症状是什么膀胱癌吗?
血尿液中
在大多数情况下,第一个症状是通过血尿(“血尿”)。引起血尿早期膀胱肿瘤通常是无痛的。你应该看医生如果你通过血液在你的尿液。血液在尿可以“来了又去的肿瘤出血。
其他症状
一些肿瘤可能引起过敏的症状类似于膀胱和导致尿液等感染厕所小便时经常痛。如果癌症是一种肌肉入侵类型,生长在墙上的膀胱,那么其他的症状可能发展。例如,痛苦的小腹。
如果癌细胞扩散到身体的其他部分,各种各样的其他症状会产生。
膀胱癌诊断和如何评估?
来确定诊断
最重要的测试来确定膀胱肿瘤被称为膀胱镜。一个膀胱镜就是膀胱专家(泌尿科)看来膀胱用一种特殊的薄望远镜称为膀胱镜下。膀胱镜下通过的膀胱经尿道。一个膀胱镜所行的事看起来膀胱通常是局部麻醉下做的。如果一个程序是通过一个膀胱镜下完成如摘除肿瘤然后全身麻醉通常是使用。(见分开的传单被称为“膀胱镜的更多信息。)一位泌尿科医师在膀胱镜
•看到任何地区的内膜膀胱看上去异常。
切片检查可疑•带区域。活检是当一个小样本的组织将身体的一个部分。然后检查样品在显微镜下寻找异常细胞。
删除一个肤浅的肿瘤•仪器可以流传下来的一个简单边信道膀胱镜下。
有时,其它的测试用来检测膀胱癌症。例如:
•尿液样本可以看着在显微镜下,看看是否有任何一个癌细胞是在场的。同时,尿可以查到的某些化学物质可能来自膀胱肿瘤。
•静脉肾盂摄影发现。这是一个x-射线测试你获得的照片泌尿道。(见分开的传单询问详情。)
评估的范围和传播
如果膀胱镜及活检证实癌症是一种肤浅的肿瘤就没有更进一步的测试可能是必要的。浅表膀胱肿瘤很低的风险扩散到身体的其他部分。
然而,如果你有肌肉侵袭性的肿瘤,然后再测试可能建议如果癌细胞已经扩散,评估。例如,一个CT扫描、MRI扫描,或者其他测试。(也有单独的传单中描述了每一个这样的测试进行更详细的讨论。)这个评估被称之为“分期的肿瘤。目的是要找出分期。
•多少膀胱肿瘤的成长,是否已经发展到边界,或者通过膀胱壁外围部分。
癌细胞已经扩散•是否局部淋巴结。
•是否癌肿已扩散到身体其他部位(metastasised)。
通过了解舞台的癌症,它可以帮助医生提供最佳临床治疗方案的选择。同时也提供了合理的世界观的迹象(预后)。看到分开的传单被称为“癌症分期的细节。文档有武汉名仕泌尿外科医院整理 www.daodoc.com
