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对症下药,加强营养
——浅谈如何消灭学生的基本写作错误
浙江龙泉一中张 芬
摘要:写作是高考的重头戏,每位老师都不辞辛劳常年在批改学生习作,但学生却照样呈现大量的中文式句子,说明光靠写和批是不够的,要进行适当讲解和长期点滴抓起。关键字:病症、讲解、营养
一.发现“病症”
新课标指出:语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面的技能以及这四个技能的综合运用能力。这四种技能在语言学习和交际中相辅相成、相互促进,所以写作是其中一种重要技能,但笔者发现高一新生写作水平普遍不理想,基本语言错误还普遍存在,更别在文章的结构、行文的逻辑、句子的变化等方面作要求了。所以,作为高中英语教师应该从高一就对学生写作进行引导、帮助、训练。为了达到“治病救人”的目的,首先要订正他们的基本语言错误,通过多年批改学生习作发现下列基本语言错误普遍存在:
“病症”1.缺乏主语
例如:
1、In different country___ has different habits.2、English often report sth related to art,________ can also develop our writing skill.“病症”2.缺乏谓语
例如:
1、we can____ in beautiful house from now on.2、If ___no this accident, our life____ more comfortable.3、It ____not only very delicious, but also ……..4、Our life can’t____ without food
“病症”3.谓语堆积(一个分句不能有多个谓语堆积而无连词)
例如:
1、I am speak English.2、3、We eat nutritious food fight disease.4、However,5、They have a lot of fat is harmful to our health.“病症”4.词性乱用
例如:
1、I will back you the money.2、It is difficulty to do.3、4、They will get beautiful but lose healthy.5、“病症”5.语态紊乱
例如:
1、The newspaper which write in English is very popular.2、“病症”6.时态不清
例如:
1、I prefer not to go to Beijing because I had been there several times.2、“病症”7.复合句使用不正确
1.主句不全
例如:Ice cream which has a lot of fat and sugar.2.从句不全
例如:He got up early so that could catch up the bus.3.从句未用陈述句式
例如:I don’t know which kind of English do I speak.“病症”8.并列句不用连词
例如:This was the first time that I have been to the city, I was nervous and uncertain.二、对症下药
针对上面病症进行适当讲解对于没有母语环境的中国学生掌握一定的句法知识可以起到帮助作用。
①针对“病症”
1、2笔者用通俗易懂的方法讲解如下:
句子基本结构:主语+ 是什么(谓语动词为系动词)
干什么(谓语动词为实义动词或叫行为动词)
注意:I’m speaking中的am为助动词,而不是系动词。这个句子仍属于主语+干什么的句子。学生知道了这个知识,在写句子时就可先写出框架,再变化谓语动词的时态。
例如:我让学生翻译“我已经完成了我的家庭作业”。学生可先构成框架:I finish my homework.然后再变化谓语动词的时态为:I have finished my homework.并且学生可发现“病症”
1、2中的句子错误并自行订正如下:
we can live in beautiful house from now on.……..Our life can’t go on without food.②针对病症3笔者讲解如下:
一个主谓结构就构成一个分句,简单句就只有一个分句。含有多个主谓结构的句子叫并列句或复合句。
然后笔者让他们判断以下句子:
Britain,American and Australian are English-speaking country.(简单句;两个或更多的主语可以共一个谓语)
They get coal out of the ground, change it into electricity, and send it hundreds of kilometres away.(简单句;两个或更多的谓语可以共一个主语)
Finally Hank and his friends gave each other their addrees and promised to get in touch with each other.(简单句; 可以有两个主语和两个谓语)
lunch with them.(两个分句用并列连词连接是并列句)
再向他们说明一个分句中不能有两个或两个以上谓语动词堆积而无并列连词。学生可以订正病症3中的句子如下:
(这是主语+干什么的句子,而不是主语+是什么的句子,去掉am或
改成I am speaking English.)改成and asked或to ask)We eat nutritious food fight disease.(改成to fright)
However,把are old 放到从句中作谓语:there are a number of books which are old.)同上,改成:harmful to our health.③针对病症4、5、6重在平时点滴巩固,而不专门在作文课中讲解
④针对病症7笔者讲解如下:主句和从句都是完整的句子并且一切从句用陈述句式。学生补充病症7中的句子如下: Ice cream which has a lot of fat and sugar is harmful to us..I don’t know which kind of English do I speak.(去掉do)
三、加强营养
1、重视文本,水到渠成只有有了良好的输入,才能有良好的输出。我们要加大语言的输入数量和质量,正如古
人所说:“问渠那得清如许,为有源头活水来”。学生输入的主要阅读材料
是课文、主要输入渠道在课堂,所以扎扎实实抓好课文输入才是根本。但遗憾的是,我们有时只是匆忙处理文章,没有经过思维加工的阅读在学生头脑里没
什么印象,离开课文语境学习的语料和文章结构也只是浮光掠影,不能在写作
中加以运用,这样的阅读教学自然对写作没有什么意义,不能达成阅读教学的以下目标:reading for language and reading for structure.学生输入的主要阅读材料是课文,所以扎扎实实抓好课文输入才是根本。首先,要做好读
后的复述(retelling)。复述是基本复现文本内容的一种方法,可以帮助学生
熟悉课文,经过抓关键词,抓主要的信息点,学生能大致呈现文本内容,让基
本词汇、句型和文本的构思在复述中不断内化,形成良好的语料储备,以及英
语语感和信息组织能力。其次,写摘要(summary writing)也很有用。其实我们不一定都进行命题写作,可经常让学生写课文摘要,促进学生进一步去细读
课文,同时促进他们去思考哪些是关键句、哪些是概括性的句子、文章结构如
何等,这又是一次熟悉文本和梳理篇章结构的过程,肯定有利于写作时的谋篇
布局。再者,尽量用英语解释原文句子(explaining)。通过用英语解释可以培
养学生良好的语感,正如新课标所要求的,我们要培养学生用英语思维和表达的能力。我们的写作不正是检测学生用英语思维和表达的能力吗?
学生如果通过文本学习获得了良好的语感自然不会犯上述错误。
2、词块教学,运用积累
重视课文中的词块学习(lexical phrase)。我们发现学生习作中中文式表达总消灭不完,其中一个原因是他们没有记忆词块的习惯,他们老是孤立地记忆单词。我们要在课文学习中培养学生以词块记忆词汇的习惯,哪怕是简单的短语也更有利于学生理解和记忆词汇,如:a worthwhile job和a worthwhile trip就会帮助学生更好地理解和记忆worthwhile。所以在课文学习中要关注词块,本人每单元教学后都帮助学生列出重点短语、词组、句型,然
后让他们在写作中加以运用。学生受益匪浅:一是词块作为最小化的语境,让学生掌握了词的用法,在写作中能有效避免汉式英语,大大地提高了语言的精确度和流畅程度;二是帮助学生通过模仿运用积累了丰富的语料。三是扫清了学生不知从何下笔的心理障碍,让他们有章法可依,提高了他们的写作信心和学以致用的乐趣。
例如:在学完必修5,unit2后,我学生列出了以下重点短语、词组、句型:consist of/ divide…into…../be used to do/clarify this question/be linked to/ refer to/ find Wales included(find sth.done)/be joined to/accomplish one’s purpose(aim)/ as well /get Ireland connected(get sth.done)/ in a peaceful way/ be willing(unwilling)to do sth./ break away from/ join with/ to one’s credit/ for convenience/be known as/ introduce new words for food/keep your eyes open/make your trip enjoyable and worthwhile/make a list of/delight sb.with/ on special occasions /in memory of/set the world time/ have photos taken/be thrilled by sth/on show/ leave..for…/ fall asleep.3、支架引路,模仿建构
学生往往在句子结构上不能排除母语的干扰,我们可以提供就某话题的一些有用句式帮助他们建构句子。在学完必修5,unit2后,我学生列出了以下句型:
It is convenient for sb.to do sth./ It’s a pity that………../ You have to go to older but smaller towns built by the R omans.(用过去分词短语作定语)/ The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings.(学用with结构)/ I’m delighted to do …/ I’m delighted that…./ It’s a delight to do…./ my first delight is to do(doing)/It seems that… / It seems as if…../sb.(sth.)seems(to be)+n/adj/ sb.(sth.)seems to do.学生习作如下:
Wanted: Traveling partner
The summer holiday is approaching.I can make a plan for my holiday in advance.I suggest that I should take advantage of this opportunity.partner.Above all, let me introduce myself.I’m a 18-year-old girl.And my name is Sheila.I’m very shy.It’s a delight to take a trip with you.I plan to leave our country for England next week.England such as St Paul’s Cathedral, Westminister Abbey, Greenwish and so on.The most important place is Library of the British Museum.We must visit it and read some books which are good for us.Everybody must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the England So welcome to join me.I need a traveling partner who is good at English.For one thing, my traveling partner must help communicate with foreign people.For another thing, my traveling partner should have experience about traveling abroad.I’m willing to take a trip with you.I will arrange the trip.总之,只要我们教师做个有心人,认真研究学生的病因,找出治疗方法,坚持不懈就一定能抵抗母语的干扰。