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语法（5）
定语从句
一、概念:He is the boywhooften goes to school late.先行词关系词定语从句
二、关系词：关系代词that, which, who(whom, whose)
关系副词where, when, why
三、关系代词引导的定语从句：
○一般情况下，当先行词指人时，用that, who或whom引导
当先行词指物时，只能用which
○只用that 不用which：
1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰： This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.2.先行词为序数词所修饰：This is the first composition that he has ever written in English.3.先行词有人有物：They talked of things and persons that happened in the school.4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句
Who is the man that came this morning?
Which is the bag that you lost?
5.先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰的定语从句
He is the very person that the police are looking for.This is the only thing that I can remember.6.先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代词
Tell us everything that you know, please.Is there anything that you don’t understand?
7.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时
All that glitters is not gold.I’ve read all the books that you gave me.○只用which 不用that：
1.关系代词前有介词时：
This is the house in which Tom once lived.这是汤姆曾经住过的房子。
2.在非限定性定语从句(常用，与主句隔开，如果去掉逗号，整个句子仍能表达完整的意义)They are talking about the TV play, which they saw last night.注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
The man who lives downstairs speaks English well.The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.② 当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。
Mrs.Smith(whom)you met yesterday is a friend of mine.This is the book(which)you are looking for.There are some films(that)I’d like to see.③ 口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。
The man(whom / who)you were talking about has come to our school.④关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前）
The man(whom)I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.→ The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei.The house(which)he lives in is quite large。→ The house in which he lives is quite large.应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略。
若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。
The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk.你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。
The sick man whom she is taking care of is her farther.她在照顾的病人是她父亲。
○whose: 谁的表示所属关系 后面紧跟名词 可指人指物
Do you know the girl whose name is Lily?
指物时，whose= of which
The novel whose title is red and black is intersting= the title of which
四、关系副词引导的定语从句：
当引导词在句中作状语时，应用适当的关系副词。
表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。=“介词 + 关系代词”形式。
○定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom
构成固定短语“turn to sb.for help(向某人求助）”D
The hotel where/at which the visitors are staying is very expensive.○ why: 引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。
I don’t know the reason why he came so late.我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
That is the reason why I don’t want to go.那就是我不想去的理由。
【练习】
1.Mr.Li is an English teacher ______ loved playing soccer.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which
2.We called the man ________ had promised to help us.A.heB.thatC.whomD.which
3.The coat _______ he is wearing today was bought by his aunt.A.whatB.whereC.whoD.that
4.The place _______ he works is in the factory.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.in where
5.That's the most beautiful place ______ I have ever __________.A.where;visitedB.that;visitC.where;visitD.that;visited
6.I don't know the boy ________________.A.whom you often talkB.you often talk with
C.with who you often talkD.that you often talk
7.Look!The boy ______ name is Simon is playing soccer with his friends.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom
8.All ______ they have done is good for us.A.whatB.whichC.whyD.that
9.I want to go to some places ________ it's cool in summer.A.thoseB.whichC.whereD.this
10.Saturday is the day _______ people can have a rest.A.thatB.at whichC.on whichD.on that
11.She is new here, there are no friends ______ she can ______ turn for help in the city.A.whomB.to whomC.whichD.to which
12.He is one of the boys ________ basketball well.A.whom playB.whom playsC.who playD.who plays
13.The fence in our garden, _______ my father built many years ago, has lasted for a long time.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where
14.I'll remember the time ______ we spent together in the country.A.thatB.whenC.during whichD.at which
15.I don’t believe the reason _______ he has given for his being late.A.whyB.thatC.howD.what
16.There are two caps on the table, _______ belongs to Tom.A.the smaller of which B.the small of which C.the smaller of them D.the small one
17.My brother had become a doctor, ______ was what he wanted to be.A.whoB.whatC.thatD.which
18.There is a mountain _______ the top is always covered with snow.A.whoseB.of whichC.it'sD.that
19.Is there a post office around ______ I can get some stamps?
A.whichB.whatC.whereD.that
20.He talked happily about the man and books _______ interested him greatly in the school.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.when
21.There isn't a dictionary _______ you can find everything.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.in that
22.He wanted to know the time ________ he needed to know.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.what
23.Lucy's pet cat died, _______ made her very sad.A.asB.whichC.thatD.whose
24.This is one of the best films ________ this year.A.have been showB.that have shown
C.that have been shownD.which has been shown
25.Is _______ some foreigners visited last week?
A.this factoryB.this the factoryC.this factory one D.the factory where
26.I'll give you ______ he gave me last week.A.all whichB.all whatC.that allD.all
27.I'll never forget the day ________ I joined the army.A.whereB.whenC.whyD.that
28.That is the reason ________ he didn't come to your birthday.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.when
29.The doctor ________ we met at the gate works in the nearby hospital.A./B.whoC.whichD.he
30.His book is not the only thing _______ has been stolen.A.thatB./C.whichD.who
参考答案
1.A先行词teacher 指人，关系代词who在定语从句中作主语。B中whom只能作宾语；C中he不可以作定语从句引导词；D中which引导定语从句时，先行词应为物；故选A是正确的。
2.B先行词the man指人，关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。C中whom只能作宾语；A中he不可以作定语从句引导词；D中which引导定语从句时，先行词应为物；故选A是正确的。故选B。
3.D先行词the coat指物，关系代词that在定语从句中作wearing的宾语。What, it, this均不做引导词引导定语从句。因此选D是正确的。
4.C先行词the place，关系代词in which在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于where。He是定语从句的主语，work是不及物动词，不带宾语，因此A，B不正确。副词不可作介词的宾语，D选项不正确。故选C是正确的。
5.D先行词是place, 关系代词that在定语从句中作visited 的宾语。句子的后半部分为现在完成时。定语从句中visit需要一个宾语，因此A，C可排除。Visit前有have ever，可以判断出是现在完成时，B选项中visit没有用现在完成时。选D是正确的。
6.B先行词为the boy指人，关系代词who/ that作talk with的宾语, 可以省略。Talk为不及物动词，A，D选项不正确；who 不作介词宾语，C选项可排除；故选B。
7.B先行词the boy 指人，关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。What, which, whom不能作定语。故选B。
8.D 先行词all是不定代词，关系代词that在定语从句中作done的宾语。当先行词为不定代词且指物时，引导定语从句的关系代词只能是that.故选D。
9.C 先行词是some places, 表示地点。关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语。Those, this 不引导定语从句。Which是关系代词。因此，只能选C。
10.C 先行词是the day，表示时间。On which等于where在定语从句中作时间状语。因此，A，D不符合要求。在具体到某一天时，我们一般用介词on而不用at，所以B也不合适。只可以选C。
11.B先行词是friends, 指人。关系代词whom在定语从句中作turn to 的宾语。选项C，D不可以代指人，turn to sb.for help 向某人求助, A不符合要求。故选B。
12.C先行词是the boys, 关系代词who在定语从句中作主语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。选项A，B中whom不可以在定语从句中作主语，D中数与先行词不一致。故选C。
13.B这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是the fence, 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语。That不引导非限制性定语从句，不可以选A。where 不能在定语从句中作宾语。What不引导定语从句。故选B。
14.A先行词是the time, 关系代词在定语从句中用spent的宾语。Spent是及物动词，可以直接带宾语，不需用介词。因此，B，C，D不符合要求。选A。
15.B先行词是the reason, 关系代词that在定语从句中作given的宾语。Why不能作宾语，how, what不引导定语从句。故选B。
16.A这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是two caps, 关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。C，D不是定语从句，指两个中较小的那个，应用形容词的比较级。故选A。
17.D这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是doctor, 在本句中指职业。关系代词在定语从句中作主语。Who引导的定语从句先行词指人，that不用于非限制定语从句。What 不用于引导定语从句。故选D。
18.B先行词是mountain, of which等于where, 在定语从句中作地点状语。Whose, that在定语从句中不作状语，it's不引导定语从句。故选B。
19.C先行词是post office, 关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语。Which, that不能在定语从句中作地点状语，what不引导定语从句。故选C。
20.B先行词是the man and books，既有人又有物。关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导定语从句。故选B。
21.C先行词是a dictionary, 关系副词where在定语从句中作状语。That, which在定语从句中不作状语。That在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词不可以放在它的前面。故选C。
22.A先行词是the time, 关系代词that在定语从句中作know的宾语。When, where在定语从句中不作宾语，what不引导定语从句。故选A。
