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英语多义词的意义扩展与理解--程家惠
“English polysemes are usually jungles full of traps and hazards.claim 声称
If no one claims the items, they will become Crown property.如果无人认领这些物件，它们就将成为王室（国有）财产。
She could have claimed the cost through her insurance.她本可以通过保险索赔。This dangerous miion will surely claim his life.这个危险的任务必要他的命。
一、词汇含义的逆反延伸 bleed adj.受祝福的I’m bleed if I do!如果我去做，不得好死！envy n.vt.羡慕，嫉妒
He envies her succe.他嫉妒(羡慕)她的成功。
fine adj.美好的，精美的，纤细n.罚款，罚金，晴天，精细vt.罚款，精炼
Your shoes will be in a fine state if you walk in the mud.你要是在泥里走路, 你的鞋就会弄得很糟糕。fireman n.消防队员
The fireman sat by the furnace, whistling to the girl.烧火工坐在火炉旁，吹着哨子 glaze v.装玻璃，上釉，上光，使表面光滑
His eyes glazed at the sight of her.看到她时, 他的目光就变得呆滞。mind n.头脑，智力，精神v.照顾，留心, 介意，反对 The dog minds well.这条狗很驯服。
We should mind the rules.我们应当服从规定。thank n.vt.谢，感谢，道谢
He has only himself to thank that he has lost his job.他被解雇了, 这只能怪他自己。terrific adj.可怕的，恐怖的That's a terrific story.But I'm afraid I have to go.你讲的故事很精彩，只恐怕我得走了。You look terrific!你看起来棒极了。odour n.气味, 臭味
the odour of roses玫瑰香 intimate vt.宣布，明白表示
He had already intimated that he might not be able to continue.他早已暗示自己可能无法继续下去。
二、词汇意义的贬义延伸 angel n.天使
a fallen angel
恶魔、凶神
allergic
adj.过敏的，患过敏症的 allergic to work.对工作的厌恶 affair n.事务，私事
His wife is having an affair.他妻子正在婚外恋。animal n.动物
He was unable to control the animal in himself.他控制不了自己兽性的发作。What an animal he is!他是一个非常残暴的人！anxiety n.忧虑，焦急
The teacher praised him for his anxiety for knowledge.老师称赞他求知的欲望。
anyhow adv.无论如何，总之
clothes stuffed anyhow into the suitcase.衣服随便塞进手提箱里 anybody pron.任何人
What sort of anybody are you?你算老几? apology n.辩解，道歉
Japan owes China an apology for the Nanjing slaughter.日本得就南京大屠杀向中国谢罪。bean n.豆
Three little people don't amoun t to a hill of beans in this crazy world.在这个疯狂的世界上，三个小人物根本算不上什么。ape n.猿
Bill has gone ape over that new girl in the office!比尔被办公室新来的姑娘弄得神魂颠倒了！daddy n.爸爸
When you tell him that he’s a sugar daddy, he gets very angry.He says she isn’t interested in his money, only in him.要是你说他是个老色鬼，他就会很生气。他说她对他的钱不感兴趣，只喜欢他本人
mommy、mummy 妈咪
Is that mommy from Egyupt?木乃伊是来自埃及吗？ bile n.胆汁
That topic is sure to stir up plenty of bile.这话题一定招致恼怒。dragon n.龙
His wife is a real dragon.他的妻子是个真正的悍妇。mistre n.主妇，女主人，女能人
Does his wife know he has a mistre?他的妻子知道他有一个情人
三、词汇意义的褒义延伸
aggreive adj侵略的;攻击的;挑衅的、盛气凌人的 an aggreive salesman干劲很大的售货员 anchor v.抛锚，锚定，主持人
n.锚
Letters from home were an anchor to him when he worked abroad.他在国外工作时, 家书是他的精神支柱。awesome adj.令人畏惧的，可怕的The band is truly awesome!.乐队真是棒极了！。civil adj.全民的，公民的，民事的，文职的The courteous boy was civil to everybody.这个谦恭的男孩对每一个人都很有礼貌。boom n.隆隆声
v.发隆隆声
He is booming as a teacher.作为一位教师, 他日趋成功 enterprise n.企业，计划
He is a man of great enterprise.他很有进取心。distinguish v.区别，辨别
Many distinguished themselves in the fight against Hitler.许多人在反对希特勒的战争中享有盛名。edge n.刀口，利刃，锋，边缘
His cars have the edge over his rivals'.与对手们相比，他的车占有优势。self-made adj.自制的a self-made man靠自己力量成功之人
summer n.夏季，黄金时代, 鼎盛时期
That was the high summer of English literature.那是英国文学的黄金时代。autumn n.秋天
He was in the autumn of his life.他已到了迟暮之年 gut n.内脏，肠子
she had both more brains and more guts than her husband.她不仅比她丈夫聪明，也比他更有魄力。
四、词义的特殊延伸 Dutch 荷兰人，荷兰语
:She always insists on going Dutch when they go out together.他们一起外出时，她总是坚持各付各的账。
French n.法国人，法语adj.法国的，法国人的，法语的Ouch, bloody hell!Oops, excuse my French!啊，见鬼！哦，原谅我说了冒犯的话！I think I might take French leave this afternoon and go to the cinema.我想今天下午我可以不请假就走，去看场电影。
Greek adj.希腊的，希腊人的，希腊语的n.希腊人，希腊语，难懂了；像天书一样
This contract is written in such complicated language that it’s all Greek to me.这份合同写得太复杂了，我读起来简直就跟天书一样。handsomely adv.帅气地
The ship sailed handsomely acro the redge.船缓慢小心地驶过暗礁。beard n.胡须
He met in the teache r’s beard.他公然反对老师。oats n.燕麦，燕麦片
What’s the matter with you, John? Not getting your oats? 你怎么了，约翰？没跟老婆上床？ six num.六，六个
It really hit me for six to find that my father had written about me in his book.我发现父亲居然在他的书里写到了我，这的确令我深感意外。
The stock market crash has hit the economy for six.股市崩盘给了经济以沉重的打击。shore n.岸、滨
The rescue workers had to shore up the building, which was in danger of collapse.援救人员不得不用支撑架支撑有倒塌危险的那幢大楼。
五、无关联延伸
abide vi.坚持，遵守vt.忍受，容忍
They abide in a remote village.他们住在一个偏远的村子里。
addre n.地址，致辞，演讲vt.向...致辞，演说，写姓名地址
He addreed himself to the task of doing his homework.他专心致志地做他的家庭作业。He addreed her with high compliment.他以非常恭维的话向她献殷勤。an addre to the European Parliament.对欧洲议会的致辞。She addreed the open-air meeting.她在一露天集会上致词。They addreed themselves to my father.他们向我父亲介绍自己。
Addre your complaints to the Trading Standards Board.向贸易标准委员会提交你的投诉。a fundamental problem has still to be addreed.还有一个基本问题要处理。accord n.一致，符合，调和vi.符合The committee accorded a scholarship to her.委员会批准给她奖学金。
ache n.疼痛vi.觉得疼痛
she ached for his touch.她渴望他的抚摸。affect vt.影响，感动，侵袭，假装
Some women affect European-style dre.某些妇女爱好欧式服装。apply v.申请，应用
Never apply the cleaning liquid directly to the surface.千万不要把清洁液直接涂到表面。appeal n.vi.呼吁, 恳[要]求、诉诸, 求助(于)(to)
She has great physical beauty and appeal.她有出众的天生丽质和吸引力。appreciate v.赏识，鉴赏，感激
Things appreciate as time goes on.货物价格逐日上涨。apprehend v.领会理解、观察, 思考
The police apprehended the criminal.警察逮捕了罪犯。argue vi.争论，辩论
Jack argued me into buying the shirt.杰克劝说我买那件衬衫。
His accent argues him to be a foreigner.他的腔调表明他是个外国人。arrest v.逮捕，拘留、阻止, 抑制, 防碍
The stillne of the valley and the temple arrested Li Na.山谷和庙宇的寂静吸引了李娜。bark n.吠声 v.吠，咆哮
The bark of some trees can be used as medicine.有些树皮可以作药材。bill n.帐单，钞票，票据，清单
The bill is paed by both houses.议案被两院通过。bomb n.炸弹 v.轰炸，投弹
“How did he do on the last test?”
“He bombed.”“他的最近一次测验考得怎么样?”“不及格。” buck n.美元，雄鹿，公羊，公兔
He had only five bucks for the dinner.他只有五美元吃晚餐。check v.检查，核对
Efforts were made to check the disease.人们努力控制这种疾病。champion n.冠军
Premier Wen Jiabao is a champion of the universal value.温家宝总理是普世价值的支持者。discipline n.纪律 v.训练
Sociology is a fairly new discipline.社会学是一门学科。
The boy was often disciplined for staying away from school.那孩子常因为逃学而受到处罚。commend [] v.称赞，表扬
I commend her to you without reservation.我竭诚向你推荐她。
The dying man commended his soul to God.那个将死的人把自己的灵魂托付给上帝。faculty n.才能，本领
students who are doing degrees in the Arts Faculty 在文学院攻读学位的学生 siren n.汽笛，警报器，空袭警报
That woman is a real siren.那女人真是条美女蛇。recall vt.回忆，回想，记起，召回
The order was recalled.命令被撤消了。
六、词义的人格化 bleat n.羊叫声
His despairing bleat touched her heart.他绝望的哀鸣触动了她的心。
bombshell n.炸弹
The blonde bombshell had all the men looking at her as she walked down the street.这位美丽的金发女郎在街上走的时候，所有的男人都把目光投向她。butterfly n.蝴蝶
She is a butterfly.她是一个轻浮的人。chick n.即将孵出或刚孵出的小鸟
She's a great-looking chick.她是个漂亮的少妇。phoenix n.凤凰，长生鸟
She is a phoenix of this college.她是学院的绝代佳人。Foil n.化石
The man is a foil。这人是个老顽固。
mellow adj.醇香的、甘美的，柔美的，(声音)圆润的，I'd had two gla of wine and I was feeling mellow.我喝了两杯葡萄酒, 顿时觉得心旷神怡。The years have mellowed him.岁月使他变得老成了 serpent n.大毒蛇
Don’t believe him, he is a serpent.别相信他, 他是个狡猾的家伙。pudding n.布丁
Away with you, you big pudding!.滚开，你这矮冬瓜！。puppy n.小狗；幼犬，浅薄自负的年轻男子 puppy love 初恋，青梅竹马 shrimp n.小虾
He's a shrimp.他是个矮子。snake n.蛇
That snake in the gra reported me to the teacher.那个口蜜腹剑的家伙到老师那里告了我一状。gra n.草
My girlfriend graed(on me).女朋友出卖了我。touch-me-not n.凤仙花，水金凤
This lady is a touch-me-not.这女士高傲自大。turkey n.火鸡，土耳其（Turkey）
He is a turkey.他是个笨蛋。
七、词汇意义的趣味延伸
bachelor n.学士，学士学位
He's a confirmed bachelor.他抱定主意一辈子独身。dear adj.亲爱的
My dear sells dear.我的心上人身价昂贵。date n.日期，约会，vt.约会，定日期
The girl prepared lots of dates for the date.姑娘为约会准备了很多枣子。groom n.新郎，男仆
His father was a groom.他父亲曾是个马夫。handsome adj.英俊的What a handsome lady!多么端庄健美的女士！a handsome fortune一笔可观的财产
hotdog n.热狗
Don’t hotdog yourself here.别在这里卖弄你自己了。
jellyfish n.水母
Her husband is a perfect jellyfish.她丈夫是个典型的优柔寡断的人。oyster n.牡蛎，蚝
The world is sb.'s oyster.你可以随心所欲了。/ 你到了人生最得意[最有前途]的时刻。spinach n.菠菜
I can’t stomach spinach！I can’t stomach the spinach!我无法容忍胡说八道！菠菜我吃不下了！
八、不同词性的不同意义
appropriate adj.适当的,合适的，恰当的
The accused had appropriated the property.被告侵吞了财产。bloody
adj.血腥的，屠杀的It's bloody wonderful!就是非常好！armchair n.扶椅
an armchair traveller.空想旅行家。bait n.饵，诱惑物
A soldier baited a captured enemy by laughing at him.一位士兵嘲笑一个俘虏来惹怒他。brook n.小溪，He would brook no interruptions from his listeners.他不能容忍听众打岔。bust n.半身像，(妇女的)胸部
I dropped my camera on the pavement and bust it.我把照相机掉在人行道上摔坏了。chicken n.小鸡，鸡肉
They were too chicken to follow the murderers into the mountains.他们胆子太小，不敢进山追那些杀人凶手。couch n.(文学)床，睡椅
He couched his request in very polite terms.他以非常礼貌的言词表达了自己的要求。damn v.谴责 adj.该死的She works damn hard.她工作得真够努力的。foot n.足，底部，英尺
Who is to foot the bill?该谁付账？
earnest adj.认真的，热心的，重要的This is the earnest for the deal.这是交易的定金。lean n.倾斜，倚靠，倾向
vi.倚靠，倾斜
Only eat lean meat.只吃瘦肉。
mean vt.意谓，想要 vi.用意，有意义
He is a mean man.他是个自私的人。
By 1989 the mean age at marriage stood at 24.8 for women and 26.9 for men.到1989年，平均结婚年龄为女性24.8岁，男性26.9岁。rear n.后面，背后，后方adj.后面的，背面的，后方的 He rears all kinds of birds.他饲养各种鸟。sow v.播种，播撒
A sow can have 10 to 12 piglets per litter.一隻大母豬每胎能夠生10到12之小豬。
九、词性的动态延伸 ape n.猿, He said that the new building merely aped the claical traditions.他说那栋新建筑只是模仿古典传统。
boot n.(长统)靴，靴子
He booted the ball acro the field.他把球踢到场地的另一头。bug n.小虫，臭虫
That man really bugs me.那个人真是使我心烦。dog n.狗，犬
He always dogs the girl’s steps.他总是纠缠那个女孩。merit n.优点，价值
He certainly merits such a reward.他确实应得到这样的报酬。mate n.配偶，对手，助手
Succeful males may mate with many females.获胜的雄性可以同许多雌性交配。sandwich n.三明治，夹心面包
He was sandwiched between two very fat women on the bus.在公共汽车上, 他被挤在两个胖女人中间。telescope n.望远镜
When the trains crashed into each other, the cars were telescoped.那两辆火车相撞时, 车厢挤在一起了。shack [] n.棚房，小室，房间
He was looking for a dame to shack up with when the police picked him up.他正在找女人鬼混的时候，警察把他逮住了。weed [] n.野草，杂草
I need someone to help me plant potatoes and weed the onions 我需要人帮我种土豆、给洋葱除草。
十、相关延伸
complaint n.诉苦，抱怨，牢骚，委屈
He has a heart complaint.他有心脏病。
diversion [] n.转移，转换，分散
Our chief diversion was reading.我们主要的消遣是读书。fortune [] n.财富，运气
Fortune smiled on us.命运之神向我们露出了笑脸。a man of fortune财主
marry a fortune和有钱的人结婚 humor [] n.幽默
Her good humour vanished.她的好心情消失了。
She was always humouring him to prevent trouble.她总是迁就他以防止麻烦。
invalid [] adj.无效的，作废的，无根据的He had to look after his invalid brother.他不得不照看他有病的弟弟。lavatory [] n.厕所，浴室
Is there any lavatory in this building?这座楼里有厕所吗? monitor [] n.班长
development of the monitor 监护仪器的发展状态 nerve [] n.神经，叶脉
She's got a nerve wearing that short skirt with those legs.她那种腿型竟然有胆子穿上了那件短裙。What(a)nerve!真是厚颜无耻！
period [] n.时期，学时，节，句点，周期 I was thirteen when I started my periods.我开始有月经时是13 岁。
Little Johnny was at school and the teacher asked the cla to go home and find something exciting to tell the cla about.The next day Johnny was at school and the teacher asked him to show the cla his.He got up walked over to the board and put a period on it and then sat back down.The teacher looking puzzled ask Johnny what was so exciting about a period to which Johnny replied, “I don’t know but this morning when my sister said she mied one, mum fainted, dad fell down the stairs and the man next door shot himself.” refuse [] vt.拒绝，谢绝
Refuse is collected twice a week.垃圾每周收两次。sport [] n.运动，运动会
The children sported in the water.孩子们在水中尽情玩闹。He was sporting his handlebar.他在炫耀他的八字胡。temple [] n.庙，寺，神殿
He’s greying at the temples.他两鬓开始斑白了。
十一、音的不同的词义或词性的不同
minute [] n.分，分钟，片刻，一瞬间
minute [] adj.There were minute differences between the two copies.这两册之间存在着微小的差别。novel [] n.小说，长篇故事
[ ] adj.The design of this square is very novel.这个广场的设计很新颖。row [] n.排，行v.划(船)[rau] v.n They had a row and she stormed out of the house.他们激烈争吵，她怒气冲冲离开了房子。bow [] n.v.鞠躬，弯腰
bow [] n.弓，弓形 predicate [predikeit] v.断言n.[ predikit] n.谓词
present [] n.现在，目前，赠品，礼物adj.现在的，出席的，当面的 present [] v.介绍，引见，给，赠送，上演，提出，呈现
tear [] n.眼泪，泪珠 [] v.扯，撕，撕破，戳破，拉掉，折磨 wind [] n.风
wind [] v.绕，缠，上发条
十二、具体意义的抽象化
electricity [] n.电流，电，电学
The atmosphere was charged with a dangerous sexual electricity.空气中充满了危险的性冲动。elevate [] v.举起 He was elevated.他受到提拔。
equipment [] n.装备，设备，器材，装置
They lacked the intellectual equipment to recognize the jokes.他们缺乏理解这些笑话的智慧。facility [] n.设备
He had a facility for languages.他有语言天赋 kick [] n.踢 v.踢
Rich kids turned to crime just for kicks.有钱的孩子犯罪只是为了寻求刺激。He has no kick left in him.他已筋疲力尽。pregnant [] adj.怀孕的pregnant artists有创造力的艺术pregnant years丰年a pregnant pause.一次意味深长的停顿。
spotlight [] n.聚光灯
He likes to be in the spotlight.他喜欢出风头。
十三、抽象意义的具体化 anatomy n.剖析，解剖学, He is such a terrible anatomy.他骨瘦如柴。eminence n.出众，显赫
an eminence commanding the River Rhine.一处俯瞰埃米河的高地。male [] adj.男的，雄的，男性 There is a male plug.有一个凸形插头。
