生物与制药工程专业英语第五单元翻译由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“制药工程专业英语翻译”。
A The Microbial World
A microbe or microorganism is a member of a large , extremely diverse , group of organisms that are lumped together on the basis of one property-the fact that, normally, they are all that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope.细菌或微生物是一个大的、极其多样化、一个性质的集合在一起的生物体。事实上,通常情况下,他们都说他们不使用显微镜不能观察到。The word is therefore used to describe viruses bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae: the relative sizes and nature of these are shown in Table 5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和一些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,However, there are a few exceptions for example, the fruiting bodies of many fungi such as mushrooms are frequently visible to the naked eye； equally, some algae can grow to meters in length.Generally, microbes may be considered as fairly simple organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇经常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。一般来说,微生物可以被看作是相当简单的生物体
Most of the bacteria and protozoa and some of the algae and fungi are single celled microorganisms, and even the multi-celled microbes do not have a great range of cell types.Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, and are incapable of independent existence.大部分的细菌和原生动物和一些藻类和真菌是单细胞微生物,甚至没有大范围的细胞类型的微生物。病毒甚至没有细胞,就遗传物质包围在蛋白质外衣,不能独立存在。
The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Robert Hooke and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi, bacteria and protozoa.微生物学的科学直到16th世纪中期直到17th世纪后期罗伯特虎克和安东尼·范·列文虎克显微镜的发明才开始——使用显微镜首次记录的真菌、细菌和原生动物The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment nd medicine were made.19th世纪后期是第一个真正的突破的作用在环境医学微生物日。Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation(that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic materiaD and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was respon sible for a particular disease.路易·巴斯德否定自然发生的理论,从无机生物自发产生的资料),并且把罗伯特·科赫纯培养技术的发展使他毫不含糊地表明,一种细菌被响应为一个特定的疾病。Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on aIL aspects of life and the environment.自从那时起,科学已经大幅增长,因为微生物在生活的各个方面,保护我们的环境
Within the microbial world can be found two different categories of CEll type , Prokaryole and eukaryole.在微生物世界可以发现两个不同的认同范畴的细胞类型,原核细胞和真核细胞。Bacteria are Prokaryoies : theylack a distinct nuclear membrane,the organelles aociated with energy generation ,such as mitochondria and chlorophlasts,and complex internal membrane, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are faund in euharyotes.原核细菌他们缺少清晰的核膜,与能源相关的细胞器如线粒体和叶绿体和复杂的内部膜,如内质网和高尔基体是真核细胞所发现。Although the basic mechanisms of DNA replication, RNA ynthesis and protein synthesis are the same in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,there are in the components, and enzymes involved.These are discued in the appropriate topics.虽然基本机制的DNA复制,在两个原核生物和真核生物RNA合成配位化合物和蛋白质合成是相同的,在组成、酶参与。这些都是在适当的讨论话题。
Food.Microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many procees,to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to themanufacture of soy sauce.微生物已经使用了数千年之久,在许多过程中产生的食物,从酿造葡萄酒的制作过程,通过奶酪生产和面包制作、生产酱油。At the other end of the scale, microbes are responsible for food spoilage , and diseast causing microbes are frequently carried on food.在另一端的规模、微生物负责食物变质,致病微生物经常进行的食物。
Biotechnology.Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize many important chemicals such as acetone and acetic acid.传统的微生物已经被用于许多重要的化工如丙酮、乙酸的合成。More recently, the advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of pharmaceuticallv important polypeptides into microbes, which may be produced on a large scale.最近,遗传工程技术的出现导致了微生物克隆制药地重要的多肽微生物,which may then be produced on a large scale.这可能会大规模地生产。
Research, microbes have been used extensively as model , organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical procees as they are much easier to work with than more complexanimals and plants.研究,微生物已被广泛用于模型、生物调查与生化和遗传过程要比更复杂的动物和植物运转容易得多,。Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of hornogeneous experimental material。And additional advaatage is that most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.数百万份相同的单个细胞能产生大量的、低成本的基因型很快给足够的同质试验资料和这些微生物额外的优势是,大多数的人都没有任何伦理反对实验。
