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The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of acce, analyze, management, proceing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production proce played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, proceing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and busine scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmiion communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swi produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmiion,proceing of mine surveying dataproceing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System：GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data proceing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, proceing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeline obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, proceing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataproceing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cro subject, the development and the progre and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, proceing, management, transmiion, analysis, expreion, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.测绘在矿山测量中的发展
七十年代以来，随着电子技术和激光技术的发展，光电结合型的测绘仪器(如测距仪、全站仪、陀螺仪)对传统的测绘仪器方法产生了深刻的影响。以卫星遥感、全球定位系统为代表的空间对地观测技术在测绘科学中的应用日趋成熟，以计算机技术、系统科学为基础的地理信息系统的出现和应用为多源测绘信息的获取、分析、管理、处理及其充分应用提供了有力的技术支持，自动化、智能化的测绘系统已处于研究之中，因此可以说，现代测绘技术正在经历着一场深刻的革命。矿山测量技术的一个重要应用领域，在广大的煤矿、金属矿山、有色矿山等的生产过程中发挥着重要的作用。矿山测量的现代任务是：在矿山勘探、设计、开发和生产运营的各个阶段，对矿区地面和地下的空间、资源、(以矿产和土地资源为主)和环境信息进行采集、存储、处理、显示、利用，为合理、有效地开发资源、保护资源、保护环境、治理环境服务，为工矿区的持续发展报务。为了实现其现代任务，矿山测量必须充分应用现代测绘仪器和技术，将先进的现代技术同矿山测量的实际工作、具体特点相结合，拓宽矿山测量的生存空间和业务范围，促进矿山测量的改革和发展，适应市场经济体制和矿山体制改革的需要。全站仪、空间信息技术、惯性测量系统等现代测绘仪器技术均已在矿山测量中得到了应用并正在不断向纵深发展。为此本文对现代测绘仪器技术的发展及其在矿山测量的应用进行系统的分析和研究，以使矿山测量更好地服务于矿山可持续发展。
现代测绘仪器、技术及其在矿山测量中的应用： 1 全站仪及其在矿山测量中的应用：
全站仪作为当前应用最为广泛的测绘仪器，是电子技术与光学技术发展结合的光电测量仪器，也是集测距仪、电子经纬仪的优点于一体的、应用前途广泛的仪器，智能化的全站仪是目前销量最大的测绘仪器，也是今后发展的主要方向。智能型全站仪是集光、电、磁、机的最新科学成果，集测距、测角为一体的先进仪器。国际上先进的全站仪均以存储卡、内部存储器或电子手簿的方式记录数据，具有双路传输的通讯功能，能接收外部计算机的指令，由计算机输入数据，也能向外部计算机输出数据。目前国际上较先进的全站仪有日本SOKKIA生产的POWERSET系列全站仪及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站仪，瑞士Leica公司生产的ＴCA100及TCA1800全站仪，日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站仪等。我国目前仅有南方测绘仪器公司生产的NTS-200系列全站仪。全站仪已在工程测量、矿山测量、地籍测量等领域得到了广泛的应用，其发展及应用正处在飞速发展之中。全站仪由于兼具有经纬仪和测距仪的优点，且以数字形式提供测量成果，其操作简便、性能稳定、数据可通过电子手簿与计算机进行通讯等优点使其在矿山测量中得到了广泛的应用。地面控制测量、地形测量、工程测量均可利用全站仪进行，联系测量、井下测量工作也可用全站仪进行。以全站仪为代表的智能化、数字化仪器是矿山测量仪器今后的发展方向之一。基于全站仪和现代计算机技术可建立矿山三维数据自动采集、传输、处理的矿山测量数据处理系统，取代传统的手簿记录、手工录入、繁琐计算等大量的重复性的工作。此外，全站仪在矿山地表移动监测、矿区土地复垦工程实施、矿区施工等方面也都得到应用，各大矿的测量机构正在以全站仪取代传统的仪器进行日常的测量工作，既提高了效益，加快了速度，又减少了开发，保证了精度。空间信息技术及其在矿山测量中的应用：
空间信息技术的核心和主体是“3S”技术，即遥感(Remote Sensing：RS)、全球定位系统(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系统(Grographic Information System：GIS)。遥感包括卫星遥感和航空遥感，航空遥感作为地形图测绘的重要手段已在实践中得到了广泛的应用，卫星遥感用于测图也正在矿究之中并已取得一些意义重大的成果，基于遥感资料建立数字地面模型(DTM)进而应用于测绘工作已获得了较多的应用。GPS作为一项引起传统测绘观念重大变革的技术，已经成为大地测量的主要技术手段，也是最具潜力的全能型技术，在矿山测量、控制测量、工程测量、环境监测、防灾减灾以及交通运输工具的导航方面发挥着重要的作用。由于GPS不仅具有全天候、高精度和高度灵活性的优点，而且与传统的测量技术相比，无严格的控制测量等级之分，不必考虑测点间通视，不需造标，不存在误差积累，可同时进行三维定位等优点，在外业测量模式、误差来源和数据处理方面是对传统测绘观念的革命性转变。地理信息系统作为对空间地理分布有关的数据进行采集、处理、管理、分析的计算机技术系统，其发展和应用对测绘科学的发展意义重大，是现代测绘技术的重大技术支撑。以“3S”一体化或集成为主导的空间信息技术体系已逐渐成为测绘学或地球信息学(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技术体系和工作模式，其先进性、时效性明显。以空间信息技术为技术支撑，现代测绘仪器、技术正处于快速的发展之中。遥感技术在矿山测量中的应用已经历了较长的时间，并积累了丰富的经验。对于航空遥感来说，航空遥感资料可作为进行矿区地形图测绘的资料源，通过象片校正、目视判读、野外调绘等工作，完成地形图的测绘。较之传统的测图方法，利用遥感资料进行测图速度快、成本低、精度高，是一种应用极为广泛的测图方法。航天遥感在矿山测量中应用的关键理论与技术也正处于研究之中。应用遥感资料，可获取矿区实时、动态、综合的信息源，对矿区环境进行监测，为矿区环境保护提供决策支持。遥感资料用于找矿、矿区地质条件研究、煤层顶底板研究等方面都已得到应用，所有这些，都说明遥感技术应用于矿山测量是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要保证。GPS技术在矿山测量中的应用主要是取代传统的地面测绘工作。如利用GPS技术进行矿区地表移动监测、水文观测孔高程监测、矿区控制网建立或复测、改造等。随着GPS接收机性能价格比的不断上升，其应用于矿山测量工作的地面部分已成为现代矿山测量的一项重要支撑技术。应用于矿区的地理信息系统即为矿区地理信息系统，或称为矿区资料源环境信息系统(MRIES)。MREIS已成为矿山测量的重要发展方向。以矿区资源环境信息系统为平台，以各种测量技术为数据获取的途径，可以建立集数据采集、处理、管理、分析、输出于一体的自动化、智能化的技术系统，作为矿山可持续发展的决策支持系统。矿山测量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作，而建立MREIS则是矿山测量发展的必然趋势。因此，GPS在矿区应用首先就是应用于矿山测量建立矿山测量信息系统，然后以此为基础建立矿区资源环境信息系统。空间信息技术是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要的技术支撑和保证，以“3S”技术和其他测量仪器技术的有机结合为基础的矿区资料环境信息系统就是空间信息技术在矿山测量中应用的综合性成果。惯性测量系统及其在矿山测量中的应用：
惯性测量系统(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一种导航定位技术，具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和机动灵活等优点，为大地测量、工程测量和矿山测量作业的自动化和全能性提供了另一种新的技术手段。它是利用惯性导航的原理，以同时获取多种大地测量数据(经纬度、高程、方位角、重力异常和垂线偏差等)的一种技术系统。ISS可分为两大类：平台式系统和捷联式系统，ISS在测绘领域的主要应用目标包括：(1)控制测量，如对已有控制点的检核、加密、航测控制等；(2)管线监测、定位、地壳形变、地表沉陷观测；(3)井下定位，各种工程和建筑测量；(4)地震、重力测量，地球物理研究；(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性监测等。GPS/ISS组合系统是满足高精度导航和定位要求的发展方向之一。这种组合系统可使GPS与ISS的性能得到很多互补，能够以整体大地测量模型进行数据处理，同时确定三维坐标和大地水准面，使定位和导航的精度稳定，且显著提高。惯性测量系统在矿山测量中的应用主是在矿山井下测量中的应用，进行井下测量的各项工作，当然其在地面也有广泛的应用领域，如前文所述。ISS在我国矿山测量中应用的工作尚未深入开展，有待继续发展。以GPS+ISS组合系统应用于矿山测量则是较有发展前途的一项技术 4 其他测绘新仪器新技术在矿山测量中的应用：
其他的现代测绘仪器如激光指向仪、陀螺经纬仪、数字式水准仪及相关的测绘技术等都在矿山测量中得到了应用，并以这些仪器技术为基础，形成了许多矿山测量的专用仪器，作为矿山测量应用的现代仪器和技术。结论：
矿山测量作为一门交叉性学科，其发展和进步与采矿技术和矿业工程的发展、测量科学技术与仪器设备的发展、其它学科如数理科学、计算机科学等的发展密切相关。现代测绘技术是建立在电子技术、空间技术、光学技术、计算机技术等基础上的综合性技术，并具有智能化、自动化等一系列优点。现代测绘科学技术迅猛发展，必然会促进矿山测量的进一步发展。以现代测绘技术、矿业工程技术和相关科学技术为基础的矿山测量，必将会形成集数据采集、处理、管理、传输、分析、表达、应用、输出为一体的智能化、自动化的技术系统，为矿区资源环境信息系统的建立提供基础性的资料，促进矿山可持续发展。
