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Unit 1 美国人的生活方式
Background knowledge Why American Culture is Unique American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically American.The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity(多民族)and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world.What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1.Rough Environment The early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American.The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast.From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west.The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country.The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom.Actually they looked for a better life.So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely aociated with the frontier heritage of American.2.Ethnic Diversity
The population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions.People refer to the United States as “melting pot ”and the dominant people are British.American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Cla and Male.In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times.They brought their own culture to America and later on different cultures were mixed together.Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3.Plural Religion The fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States.The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism;almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States.Christianity(基督教)is the dominant religion in American and Protestant(新教)is predominate(主导).Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea.Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sects of religion.Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars.The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion.So there are more religions in America than in other countries.4.Current Influence Nowadays, we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society.American family is typically parents and their unmarried children.Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children.Many Americans live in mobile homes which are built with wheels.They can be moved.The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place.Quite a number of people change residences every year.The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime.The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic.American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights.There is certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority.Americans also like to be involved in many challenging activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits.All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now.Reading Skill Focus 1.C Clue：首先，第一句话表明说话人对于后面发生的事情感到非常惊讶。从第二句话中，我们明白了“当我们正在谈话时，彼得很唐突地（abruptly）转身离开了房间”，这就是说话人为什么感到吃惊的原因。选项中最接近这个意思的应该是C项。2.D Clue：通过后面句子中的解释“because we had so many apples”，推测出“苹果大丰收”，因此可以猜出“abundant”的意思是“丰富的，大量的”，正确答案是D项。3.B Clue：通过前面句子设定的背景（when Sara was sick），再加上后面句子的描述（We couldn’ t hear what she was trying to say），很显然，Sara说话的声音很轻，B项为正确答案。
4.D Clue：从后面的句子“我们不得不推车步行上山”，可以分析出“山势陡峭”，应该是难以攀爬（too arduous to climb），所以应选择D项。5.B Clue：从后面的句子中可以找到“the lost ships”，这与前面一句话的意思相近，因此可以推测出“vanish”是“消失，突然不见”的意思。
6.D Clue：从后面句子的解释中，我们可以了解到“我的父亲是一位成功的商人、运动员、作家和跑车修理工”，显然地，这位父亲是很有才能的（talented）人，而且多才多艺（versatile）。
7.A Clue：前面两句话中传达了这样的信息：乔治先生在77岁时，仍然可以从事多种体育运动，这说明他是一位非常健壮（extremely robust）的老人，所以最恰当的答案是选项A。
8.D Clue：根据常识，在空难（air crash）中生还的可能性一般很小，所以，“医生”表达的意思应该是“乘客幸存的希望渺茫（only a slim hope of survival）”。
9.B Clue：根据自然方面的常识，乌云、雷电交加表明暴风雨“即将来临（imminent）”。10.D
Clue：在该句中，非常重要的线索就是“strike”这个词。“在工人罢工期间，他们只能推迟（suspend）桥梁的建造。”所以，正确的答案应该是选项D。
Reading Mosaic Comprehensive Reading
美国人的婚礼美国居住着各种各样的人，他们的婚礼也千差万别。有热闹庄重的教堂婚礼；有在山顶上举行的婚礼，客人们光脚相伴登高；也有在海底举行的婚礼，客人们戴着氧气罐跟着下水。但婚礼无论在哪儿举行或怎样举行，总有一些既定的传统风俗。在举行婚礼前新人要订婚，然后给邻居、好友及远方亲戚发放请帖。当一切准备就绪，最激动人心的时刻就来到了。婚礼本身通常持续20到40分钟。新人伴着《婚礼进行曲》进入教堂。新娘手持一束鲜花由她的父亲挽着最后进来，父亲要把女儿“交给新郎”。而新郎则要从侧门进入教堂。当新人走到教堂的圣坛前时，新娘和新郎彼此宣誓。传统的结婚誓言是：“我发誓，从今往后，不论境遇好坏、家境贫富、生病与否，我们都相亲相爱，至死不分离。”宣誓过后，新郎新娘交换戒指。按照古老的风俗，通常把戒指戴在左手无名指上。仪式
过后，通常会有宴会，叫“喜宴”（婚宴）。宴会上参加婚礼的客人会祝福新婚夫妇。新郎新娘乘坐汽车离开教堂，汽车上装饰着气球、彩带、喷彩条之类的东西。“新婚燕尔”几个字写在汽车的行李箱上或后玻璃窗上。新娘新郎从客人撒下的彩色纸屑中跑向汽车。小两口儿开车离开教堂时，朋友们常常开车追赶他们，不停地按喇叭来吸引别人对他们的注意。然后小两口儿就去度蜜月了。
Notes 1.(para.3)The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will “give her away”.“give her away”（在举行婚礼时）把新娘交给新郎。
2.(para.3)“to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickne and in health, to love and cherish, till death do us part”“.till death do us part”至死不分离（英语婚礼誓言中沿袭下来的固定用法，不用does）
3.(para.4)When the couple drives away from the church, friends often chase them in cars, honking and drawing attention to them.“When the couple drives away from the church” 是句子的时间状语，句子的主语是friends，谓语是chase，in cars 是方式状语，“honking and drawing attention to them”是伴随状语.Language points 1.wedding reception: a party to celebrate the marriage ceremony of two people e.g.From vaunted Napa Valley wineries to vistas along Lake Tahoe, California couples have booked up thousands of churches and wedding reception sites hoping to begin wedded bli on the lucky date of 7/7/07.从闻名遐迩的葡萄酒产地纳帕溪谷到美丽的塔霍湖畔，加利福尼亚州几千所教堂和婚宴地已被预订，新人们希望2007年7月7日这一吉日能给他们的婚姻带来幸福。在商务英语中“reception”指外事接待，常见的词组有“busine reception”（商务宴会），“welcome reception”（欢迎晚宴）等。
E.g.They’re for a busine reception at the end of the month.他们在本月底前来参加一个商务宴会。He will arrive here at 10 a.m.and please attend the welcome reception for him at 10:15.他将在商务10点钟到达。请大街10点15分出席为他举行的欢迎会。
Comprehension Check Part 1— 3 — 8 — 2 — 1— 4 — 7 — 6 Part 2 1.B Clue：“before”引导的从句设定了 “在一对男女结婚之前”这样的背景，那么我们就可以据此猜出选项中最恰当的应该是B项，即“他们正式同意与对方结婚”，也就是“订婚”（become engaged）。
2.D Clue：根据常识，新娘在结婚仪式上一般都手持一束鲜花（bouquet）在父亲的陪同下最后进入教堂，然后父亲要把她交给新郎，所以正确答案应该是D项。3.A Clue：根据常识，参加婚礼的客人一般会向新娘和新郎抛撒五彩纸屑（confetti），所以正确答案应该是A项。
Vocabulary Check Part 1 1.G 2.E Part 2 1.B 2.C Part 3 1.(1)decorate 3.(1)streamed 5.(1)relatives 3.H 3.B 4.B 4.A
5.A 5.B
6.D 6.C
(2)traditional(2)receive
7.F
8.C(2)décor
2.(1)tradition(2)streamers
4.(1)reception(2)related Practical Reading Language points 1.invitation card：请柬
邀请信的分类介绍按使用的场合与使用对象，大致可分为三类：请柬(Invitation Card)；邀请信(Letter of Invitation)；邀请便条(Invitation Note)；其中，请柬(Invitation Card)一般用在邀请宾客参加较为隆重、盛大、重要的社交活动。
请柬（Invitation Cards）一般分为正式和非正式两种。正式请柬的特点是：格式比较规范，用词准确、简洁。非正式请柬就可以是熟人之间比较随便的便条了。
正式请柬一般包括的内容有：宾主姓名（邀请人与被邀请人姓名）、表示欢迎的句子、聚会内容、时间（具体到日、时、分，还要有星期几）、地点，如果需要的话，还有特别说明的文字。英语请柬中的邀请套用语“Request the pleasure of the company of”,相当于汉语中的“敬请光临”。需要注意的是：
1.宾主姓名一律采用第三人称，其中人名、单位名、节日和活动名称都应采用全称。夫妇同时具名时，通常“先生”写在其“夫人”前。行文不用标点符号。
2.时间不用阿拉伯数字写。写请柬的日期一般不写在请柬上。需安排座位的宴请活动，应要求被邀者答复能否出席。请柬上一般注上R.S.V.P.（请答复）法文缩写字样，并注明联系电话，也可用电话询问能否出席。
3.若邀请人对被邀者出席时的服装有要求，可在请柬的左下角或右下角加以注明。请柬一般提前一周至二周发出。
请柬范例： Invitation Card The students’union of the English department requests the honour of the company of
Mr ＆Mrs Hillman at the English Evening on Saturday, the sixth of August
nineteen ninety-nine
at four P.M.Room One Zero Two, Claroom Building Huzhou Teachers College R．S．V．P．
请
柬
兹定于1999年6月8日星期六下午四时在湖州师院教学楼102室举行英语晚会，恭请希尔曼先生夫人大驾光临。
英语系学生会
请赐复！
2.R.S.V.P.：请答复
是法语缩略词，意思是“A reply is requested！”，即“请赐复！”。
Keys
1.C 2.B 3.B 4.C
5.A Fast Reading
美国的园艺美国人喜欢许多活动。在家中他们喜欢读书，看电视，制作艺术品，玩电脑游戏等，但最喜爱的还是户外活动。在过去的15年中，园艺已经成为美国最流行的户外活动。《有机园艺》杂志的最新调查表明，有7800万美国人从事园艺活动，占成年人口的40％多。该项调查还显示，一般从事园艺的人在种植季节平均每周花3到4小时在花园里挖土、修剪、种植及浇水。此外他们还投入资金。每年美国人花约250亿美元用来购买种子、花草、灌木、树木及促使植物生长的肥料。他们还花钱买工具以及在花园工作穿的特殊衣服。
3为什么越来越多的美国人喜欢园艺呢？大部分人以此为乐。园艺工作可使他们的家宅变得更漂亮，也让他们感到离大自然更近了。园艺还是一种锻炼身体的好方式，而且在新鲜空气和阳光里工作可消除人的紧张情绪。而对有的人来说，园艺是一种精神活动。你把种子撒在地里，为它们浇水。它们会长大开花，之后大部分又在秋天枯萎。但有的会在来年春天又重新长出来，年复一年。许多美国人在自己的花园里不仅仅种花。他们还种水果、蔬菜和药草。他们在家里种植粮食作物有许多不同理由。有的说自己给自己提供食物是一件很愉快的事，就像他们的祖先当初在农场生活时一样。有的说这样可以省钱，有的则说他们要在整个夏天都吃最新鲜的蔬菜。在美国不是每个人都有自己的花园，但园艺对这些人来说也是深受喜爱的。他们可以在盆里种花然后放在临街的阳台上，或在窗台上放一些小盒子来种药草。他们还可以参加社区花园的种植工作。社区的花园通常为当地政府所有，或靠近住宅楼，或在公园里。花园被分成许多小块。这样即使没有自己的土地，许多人也可以有种花种草的机会。
Notes 1.(para.2)The new study says that during the growing season an average gardener spends 3 or 4 hours a week working in the garden digging, cutting, planting and watering.“digging, cutting, planting and watering” 做 working 的伴随状语。
2.(para.3)But some will come back again the next spring, and every year after that.every year after that 是一个省略句= every year some will come back again after that.That 代替前句中的 the next spring。
3.(para.4)Some say it is satisfying to provide their own food like their ancestors who live on farms.“it is satisfying to provide their own food like their ancestors who live on farms” 是宾语从句，其中 “to provide their own food like their ancestors who live on farms” 是主语，it 是形式主语。
Comprehension Check
1.D 2.C.3.D 4.C
5.C
6.A
7.B Supplementary Reading
美国人的饮食可口可乐是全世界销路最好的软饮料（不含酒精的饮料）。从赤道到北极，可口可乐每天的销售量为一亿六千五百万瓶。在美国，任何人，不论年龄大小，收入多少，都可以在任何场合饮用可口可乐，而不至于有何不自在之感。但在美国之外，可口可乐往往是青年人的饮料。可口可乐不是惟一的可乐饮料。百事可乐是它的著名竞争对手并拥有自己的爱好者，因为它不像可口可乐那么甜。可乐饮料含有从可拉果中提取的咖啡因，并且是惟一的既可提神又有刺激性的软饮料。加利福尼亚生产的优质酒得到欧洲行家们的赞扬，但有些美国人更喜欢烈性酒。富裕的美国人以喝鸡尾酒的方式消费大量酒精，这种酒是用威士忌、杜松子酒和伏特加之类的烈性酒调制而成的。汉堡包和热狗也许是最著名的美国食品了。热狗——面包夹香肠——可以在街角的快餐柜和热狗摊上买到。从旧金山到纽约的中小饭馆，所有的菜单上都有汉堡包，它与牛排、炸仔鸡和海味并列。它们与炸薯条和蔬菜色拉放在一起出售。在多数情况下，这笔钱当然值得一花。要甜点的话，你可以点苹果馅饼、乳酪饼、巧克力夹心蛋糕、冰淇淋和圣代。美国的冰淇淋是全世界最好吃的冰淇淋了。美国人喜欢“快”，这个“快”目前也已进入了饮食业。许多饭馆，尤其是大型连锁饮食公司，“麦当劳”，专门做“快餐”，也就是在柜台随时可以买到或带走的食物。饭菜做好了，趁热就装进纸板或塑料制的容器。热饮料则装入带有盖得很严的塑料杯中。还有服务到车上的“路旁”快餐店，顾客甚至用不着离开小汽车。他们先在一块写有菜单的牌子前停车，通过麦克风订饭菜，然后再往前开20码，就有女服务员递上做好并装在盒里的饭菜。愿意在饭馆里坐在餐桌边进餐的人的饭菜也同样装在纸板或塑料制的容器中，刀、叉、汤匙也都是塑料做的。顾客吃完了，除了盘子以外，其余都扔进垃圾箱。在大多数城市里，无论大城市还是小城市，你都可以吃到墨西哥食品或意大利食品。甚至小镇上也有咖啡馆提供简单的饭菜、各种饮料和非常好的刚煮好的咖啡。你坐在柜台边或桌旁就行。饭店和咖啡馆的服务热情周到，效率很高。男女服务员经常自我介绍：“我是多恩（或孟德比）。您要点什么？”这种友好毫不做作，也并不完全是想多得小费。一般，人们常另付账单金额的15％作为小费。男女服务员最讨人喜欢的一点是他们屡次三番把你的咖啡杯重新斟满而无需另外加钱！许多美国家庭以自己的烹调而自豪。他们有冷藏箱，可以把他们在花园种的或从超级市场买的食物贮藏起来。超级市场是大型自助商店、出售各种食品——新鲜的，罐头装的或冰冻的。因此，像快餐馆一样，他们的商品较便宜，容易销售。美国从三十年代起就有超级市场了，现在超级市场已遍及世界的大部分地区。
Notes: 1.(para.1)But whereas outside the USA Coke tends to be a young person’s drink, inside the USA anybody of any age or income can drink it without embarrament on any occasion.Whereas相当于but in contrast，意思是“然而”，又如： He earns $8,000 a year whereas she gets at least $20,000 a year.他一年挣8,000美元而她至少可挣20,000美元。
2.(para.5)They first stop at a board where the menu is displayed, give an order through a microphone and then drive another twenty yards, where a girl hands them the meal, ready cooked and packed.where the menu is displayed 和 where a girl hands them the meal, ready cooked and packed 都是定语从句，分别修饰board和twenty yards。ready cooked and packed 是过去分词短语做meal的定语。ready 是副词，意思是“预先；已经”。
3.(para.7)So like the fast food restaurants, their produce is le expensive and easier to market.market 在句中为动词，意思是“销售”。
Comprehension Check 1.Young people
2.Pepsi Cola is not as sweet as Coca-Cola.3.A mixture based on spirits like whisky, gin and vodka 4.Hamburgers and hotdogs 5.Apple pie, cheese cake, chocolate layer cake, ice cream and ice cream sundae 6.Food is served at the counter ready “to go”, or “to take out”.7.They go into plastic cups with tight-fitting lids.8.Efficient and friendly
9.15% of the check 10.Food they grow in their gardens or buy in supermarkets Vocabulary Check 1.specializes in
2.well-off
3.canned
4.chain
5.embarrament 6.rival
7.refreshing 8.drive-in 9.check 10.stimulatin
